2. Napoleon Bonaparte 8/15/1769 Military genius- specializing in artillery – Toulon Harbor 1795 Saved the Directory by killing civilians

3. France after Robespierre The Directory – Elections disrupted by a Coup d’ ‘etat 1799 – Abbe’ Sieyes – Corsican Artillery Officer The Consulate, 1 st Consul, then Napoleon I 1804 – Crowns himself in the presence of Pope Pius VII – Will constantly be in conflict with the Pope

4. Napoleon’s Domestic Affairs Concordat with Church – Catholicism recognized as official religion of France – Tolerance of other religions – Church would not regain lands lost during the Revolution – Gov’t would pay Church salaries Laws – Codification of French legal codes… Bureaucracy – A meritocracy (really??)…

5. Napoleon’s Domestic Affairs Created a strong central government Created the Bank of France (demanded a balanced budget) Economic Reform Education Reform

6. Empire By 1807 Napoleon had defeated – Austria, Sweden and Prussia- but not England Together these were known as – The French Empire France, parts of Italy and Greece – Dependent States Kingdoms under relatives’ rule – Allied States Those states defeated and forced to be against England The “Continental System” – Trade embargo against England

8. The European Response Nationalism – Works for and against Napoleon Russia, 1812 – “General Winter” Abdication and exile – Military defeat (sidebar- the Russians in Paris) – Elba 100 days Waterloo & defeat, 1815 Exile & death – St. Helena

9. The Congress of Vienna “Enlightened Absolutists” reestablish control – Klemens von Metternich The “Concert of Europe” – The Principle of Legitimacy Only rightful heirs to the throne should rule – Maintain Balance of Power No European nation should be any more or less powerful than another – Principle of Intervention Countries may intervene by force to insure the maintenance of the throne in another country Question to Ponder… – Was the Congress of Vienna influenced by the Enlightenment thinkers Locke, Rousseau, and Montesquieu?