1. Section 3-2 Measures of Variation

2. Objectives Compute the range, variance, and standard deviation

3. Example: You own a bank and wish to determine which customer waiting line system is best Branch A (Single Waiting Line) Branch B (Multiple Waiting Lines) (in minutes) 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 7.1 7.3 7.4 7.7 7.7 (in minutes) 4.25.45.86.2 6.77.77.78.5 9.310.0 Find the measures of central tendency and compare the two customer waiting line systems. Which is best?

4. Which is best –Branch A or Branch B? Branch A (Single Wait Line) Branch B (Multiple Wait Lines) Mean7.15 Median7.2 Mode7.7 Midrange7.1 Does this information help us to decide which is best? Let’s take a look at the distributions of each branch’s wait times

5. Which is best –Branch A or Branch B?

6. Insights Since measures of central tendency are equal, one might conclude that neither customer waiting line system is better. But, if examined graphically, a somewhat different conclusion might be drawn. The waiting times for customers at Branch B (multiple lines) vary much more than those at Branch A (single line).

7. Measures of Variation Range Variance Standard Deviation

8. Range Range is the simplest of the three measures Range is the highest value (maximum) minus the lowest value (minimum) Denoted by R R = maximum – minimum Not as useful as other two measures since it only depends on maximum and minimum

9. Example: You own a bank and wish to determine which customer waiting line system is best Branch A (Single Waiting Line) Branch B (Multiple Waiting Lines) (in minutes) 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 7.1 7.3 7.4 7.7 7.7 (in minutes) 4.25.45.86.2 6.77.77.78.5 9.310.0 Find the range for each branch

10. Variance Allows us to look in more detail at how much each piece of data differs from the mean (measure of center)----page 115 Variance is an “unbiased estimator” (the variance for a sample tends to target the variance for a population instead of systematically under/over estimating the population variance) Serious disadvantage: the units of variance are different from the units of the raw data (variance = units squared or (units) 2

11. Notations Population Variance Sample Variance

12. Standard Deviation Is the square root of the variance (gives the same units as raw data) Provides a measure of how much we might expect a typical member of the data set to differ from the mean. The greater the standard deviation, the more the data is “spread out” Standard deviation can NOT ever be negative Allows us to interpret differences from the mean with a sense of scale (make a judgment of whether a difference is large or small, in a systematic way)

13. Notations Population Standard Deviation Sample Standard Deviation

14. NO WORRIES!!! Since the formulas are so involved, we will use our calculators or MINITAB to determine the variance or standard deviation and focus our attention on the interpretation of the variance or standard deviation Why did I bother showing you? So you have some sense of what is going on behind the scenes and realize it is not magic, it’s MATH

15. Uses of the Variance and Standard Deviation Variances and standard deviations are used to determine the spread of the data. If the variance or standard deviation is large, the data is more dispersed. This information is useful in comparing two or more data sets to determine which is more (most) variable The measures of variance and standard deviation are used to determine the consistency of a variable For example, in manufacturing of fittings, such as nuts and bolts, the variation in the diameters must be small, or the parts will not fit together

16. Example: You own a bank and wish to determine which customer waiting line system is best Branch A (Single Waiting Line) Branch B (Multiple Waiting Lines) (in minutes) 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 7.1 7.3 7.4 7.7 7.7 (in minutes) 4.25.45.86.2 6.77.77.78.5 9.310.0 Find the standard deviation for each branch

17. Which is best –Branch A or Branch B? Branch A (Single Wait Line) Branch B (Multiple Wait Lines) Mean7.15 Median7.2 Mode7.7 Midrange7.1 Standard Deviation0.481.82 Does this information help us to decide which is best?

18. “Usual” Values Minimum “usual” value = Maximum “usual” value =

19. Empirical (Normal) Rule Only applies to bell-shaped (normal) symmetric distributions Used to estimate the percentage of values within a few standard deviations of the mean

20. Chebyshev’s Theorem (p.123) Specifies the proportions of the spread in terms of the standard deviation Applies to ANY distribution The proportion of data values from a data set that will fall with k standard deviations of the mean will be AT LEAST

21. Example Lengths of Longest 3-point kick for NCAA Division 1-A Football (in yards) 293131323234353637 374343454547545455 5759 1)Construct a frequency distribution of the lengths of 3-point kicks. Use 7 classes with a class width of 5, beginning with a lower class limit of 25. 2)Use MINITAB to create a histogram. Does the histogram appear symmetric, skewed to right, or skewed to left? 3) Use MINITAB to create a dotplot. Does the histogram appear symmetric, skewed to right, or skewed to left? 4)Use MINITAB to find mean, median, maximum, minimum, and standard deviation 5)Use formulas and MINITAB results to find mode, midrange, range, variance, minimum “usual” value, and maximum “usual” value

22. Assignment Page 124 #1-15 odd