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multiple choice, completion, and true false
Unit Review Pg 292 Answer: multiple choice, completion, and true false
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Anoplogaster Pg. 263
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Unit 9 OCEANS
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How much of the Earth is water?
97% of Earth's water is found in oceans
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3 Major Oceans Atlantic Indian Pacific Arctic Antarctic
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Pacific Ocean Largest ocean Average depth: 3940 meters
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Atlantic Ocean Second Largest ocean Ave. Depth: 3350 meters Indian Ocean Smallest yet deeper than the Atlantic
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Scientist who studies the ocean
What is an ? Oceanographer Scientist who studies the ocean 85 of the 92 Natural elements have been found in ocean water
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Properties of Ocean Water
Mixture of: Pure water 96.5% Dissolved elements 3.5%
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Dissolved Elements? 3% Sodium and Chlorine Sodium Chloride = Salt
Measured by salinity Amount of salt dissolved in water
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Where does all the salt come from?
Volcanic activity Erosion Rivers and glaciers Wave action
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Salinity Lab Will the egg sink or float?
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Salinity Lab
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Salinity Lab Red Book Page 439
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Salinity Lab
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What Gases are found in the Ocean?
Nitrogen Carbon Dioxide Oxygen Most abundant near the surface Why?
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Why are dissolved gases abundant near the surface?
More sunlight = more plant growth More mixture with the air Also affected by temperature
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Where is the water the warmest?
Temperature 3 Zones in the Ocean Where is the water the warmest? Coldest?
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Surface Zone Warmest Zone Water is mixed by waves and currents Surface to 100 meters
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Thermocline Temperature falls rapidly Depth depends on the season
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Deep Zone Area of very cold water 4000 meters or more ~ 4 degrees Celcius
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Topography of the Ocean
Higher Mountains Deeper Canyons Larger Plains More Volcanoes More Earthquakes
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Atlantic Ocean Profile
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Pacific Ocean Profile
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Read & take notes... Pg. 270 -272 Continental Margin Continental Shelf
Continental Rise Continental Slope Turbidity Currents Submarine Canyons Pg
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Continental Margin Continent meets ocean floor underwater Not the same as the shoreline
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Continental Margin
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Continental Shelf Flat part of continental margin covered by water
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Continental Shelf Here the water is removed from an offshore region to expose the seafloor near San Francisco.
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Edge of continental shelf that plunges steeply 4 to 5 kilometers
Continental Slope Edge of continental shelf that plunges steeply 4 to 5 kilometers
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Continental Rise Separates the continental slope from the ocean floor
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V - Shaped valleys that cut through the continental slope and rise
Turbidity Currents Underwater avalanches Submarine Canyons V - Shaped valleys that cut through the continental slope and rise
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Submarine Canyons
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Continental Margin
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Features of the Ocean Floor
Abyssal Plains Seamounts Guyots Trenches Midocean Ridges Coral Reefs Fringing Reefs Barrier Reefs Atoll Pg
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Features of the Ocean Floor
Pg
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Large flat areas on the ocean floor
Abyssal Plains Large flat areas on the ocean floor
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Seamounts Underwater volcanic mountains Can be over 1000 meters tall
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Guyots Flat topped seamounts Formed as a result of wave erosion
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Trenches Long narrow cracks that can be more than 11,000 meters deep
Deepest part of the oceans
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Midocean Ridges Mountain ranges formed under the ocean
Largest mountains in the world
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Coral Reefs Large masses of limestone rocks containing the shells of animals Found only in tropical waters
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Coral reefs that touch the shoreline of a volcanic island
Fringing Reefs Coral reefs that touch the shoreline of a volcanic island
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Barrier Reef A reef separated from the shore by an area of shallow water called a lagoon Tahiti!
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A ring of coral reefs found far out in the ocean
Atoll A ring of coral reefs found far out in the ocean
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Atoll
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Continental Margin Quiz
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Oceans Quiz 5. In what zone of the ocean does the anoplogaster live?
6. What conditions did it have to adapt to in order to survive? 7. Draw and label a diagram of the continental margin, slope, and rise. 8. Explain how the ocean floor is different from the continents.
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Review 1. How are seamounts and guyots related?
2. What are the three types of coral reefs 3.Where are the largest mountains on Earth found? 4. Where is the deepest spot on Earth?
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Ocean-Life Zones Ocean life is affected by many factors. Where do most plants and animals live and why?
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Ocean-Life Zones Sunlight Temperature Pressure
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3 Major groups of plants and animals
Pg 3 Major groups of plants and animals Classified by habits and depth of the ocean where they live Plankton Nekton Benthos
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Small organisms that float on or near the surface
Plankton Small organisms that float on or near the surface
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Nekton Forms of life that swim
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Organisms that live on the ocean floor
Benthos Organisms that live on the ocean floor
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Between the low and high tide lines Most difficult to live in
Plant and Animal Zones Pg Intertidal Zone Between the low and high tide lines Most difficult to live in Organisms must be able to live without water
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Neritic Zone Low tide line to the end of the continental shelf Sunlight Low pressure Constant temperature
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Open Ocean (2 Zones) Bathyal Zone Abyssal Zone
From the top of the continental slope to about 2000 meters Abyssal Zone No sunlight High Pressure Cold
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Mapping the Ocean Floor
1872 Challenger 3 1/2 years to map ocean Used piano wire
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Mapping the Ocean Floor
Echo Sounding Seismograph surveys Radar Sonar
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Atlantic Ocean Profile
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Pacific Ocean Profile
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Motions of the Ocean Waves Up and down Currents Steady Tides Rise and fall
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Pulses of energy that move through the ocean
Waves Pulses of energy that move through the ocean Read pages Out loud Which ocean would you expect the larger waves to occur?
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Wave Characteristics Crest Highest point on a wave Trough Lowest point on a wave
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Wavelength Distance between 2 troughs or 2 crests
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Swells Long, wide waves that are not very high
Found in the middle of the ocean As they get closer to shore their height increases
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Tsunamis Largest ocean wave Caused by earthquakes
Carry huge amounts of energy 35 meters or more
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Tsunami 2004
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Currents Surface Currents Deep Currents Caused by wind patterns
Caused by difference in water density
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Surface Currents Longshore currents Gulf Stream
Warm water from Florida along the coast Longshore currents Move parallel to the shoreline Carry sand
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Deep Currents Upwelling Cold, salty water is the most dense
Moves downward under less dense warm water Upwelling The rising of deep cold currents to the ocean surface
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These two photos were taken of the same dock – not at two different times of the year, but at two different times of the day. Look at the photos carefully. What happened here? Where do you think the water in the first picture went? Many organisms live in the sea water. What do you think happens to these organisms when the water drains away?
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Tides Gravitational pull from moon causes high tides
2 high tides and 2 low tides a day due to bulging of the ocean
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Spring Tides Higher high tides due to a full/new-moon
The sun and moon are lined up
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Neap Tides Lower high tides due to a first/last-quarter phase
Sun and moon are at right angles
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Prevents upwelling off the western coast of South America
Red book Pg El Nino Every years Warm water moves east Prevents upwelling off the western coast of South America
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El Nino Unusual wind patterns warm winter Heavy rains in California
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