2. SECTION 1 SECTION 2 SECTION 3 SECTION 4 Spain’s Empire and European Absolutism The Reign of Louis XIV Central European Monarchs Clash Absolute Rulers of Russia SECTION 5 Parliament Limits the English Monarchy French King Louis XIV with plans for Versailles.

4. Peter the Great makes many changes in Russia to try to make it more like Western Europe.

6.  Ivan III (1462 – 1505)  Conquered territory around Moscow  Frees Russia from the Mongols  His son, Vasily continues expansion and passes power to Ivan IV  Ivan the Terrible (r. 1522 – 1584)  In 1533, Ivan the Terrible becomes king (czar) of Russia  Struggles for power with boyars — landowning nobles  Seizes power and is crowned czar, meaning “caesar”  The Kremlin is the fortified fortress capital of the Russian president

7.  Rule by Terror  Chooses bride Anastasia at the Kremlin out of 1,000 potential brides  She dies from a lingering illness in 1560  Rise of the Romanovs  Ivan kills oldest son – his 2 nd son is weak, his death leads to turmoil  Turmoil and conflict is called Time of Troubles; rulers fight for control  In 1613, Michael Romanov becomes czar (Anastasia’s grandnephew)  The death of his wife Anastasia affects him terribly, blames boyars  In 1560, Ivan turns against boyars, kills them by the thousands, seizes lands THE KREMLIN!

8.  The Rise of Peter  Peter the Great becomes czar in 1696, begins to reform Russia  Russia Contrasts with Europe  Land of boyars and serfs  Cut off geographically from Europe, no warm seaport  Culturally isolated, little contact with western Europe  Religious differences widen gap (eastern orthodox)  Peter Visits the West  In 1697, Peter visits western Europe to learn European ways

10.  Peter’s Goal  Goal of westernization — using western Europe as model for change  Peter’s Reforms  Brings Orthodox Church under state control  Reduces power of landowners  Modernizes army by having European officers train soldiers  Westernizing Russia  Introduces potatoes  Starts Russia’s first newspaper  Raises women’s status  Adopts Western fashion  Advances education (navigation, arts, sciences)  Encourages study abroad

11.  Peter wants a warm seaport that will make travel to West easier  Fights Sweden to win port on Baltic Sea  In 1703, begins building new capital called St. Petersburg  Building city takes many years; many serfs die in process  The city becomes a busy commercial seaport  Russia is a now power to be reckoned with in Europe