1. C++ Programming Basics
Arrays

2. Array Array – data structure with homogeneous data type
a set of data represented by a single variable name
Element – individual data contained in an array
Declaration of array –
type name [ index # ] ;
Index number (or subscript) is used to identify each element – index number begins with 0, not 1
char array – single quote ( ‘ ) is used
Text string – double quote ( “ )
Initialization with text string entails \0 (end mark) at the end

3. char Grades[5]; // Grades with 5 elements
Array example
char Grades[5]; // Grades with 5 elements
Grades[0] = ‘A’ ; // first element
Grades[1] = ‘B’ ;
Grades[2] = ‘C’ ;
Grades[3] = ‘D’ ;
Grades[4] = ‘F’ ; // 5th element
Array declaration with initialization
char Grades[5] = {‘A’, ‘B’, ‘C’, ‘D’, ‘F’} ;
char Grades[] = {‘A’, ‘B’, ‘C’, ‘D’, ‘F’} ;
char Grades[5] = “ABCDF” ; // error
char Grades[] = “ABCDF” ;

4. String Variable Declaration syntax
char string_name [size] ;
Empty string variable with character size of [size]
char string_name [size] = “Hello” ;
String variable with initial value of “Hello”
In this case, size can be omitted
Text string can be assigned to string variable only when it is declared. Once declared, text string can not be assigned to the string variable with a normal assignment operator ( = ). 4

5. String Variable How to display a string variable
char strName[20] = “Smith” ;
cout << strName << endl ;
cout << strName[4] << endl;
Even though string variable is a char array, it can be used as a normal variable, ignoring any array features
it can be used like a char array, too 5

6. String Manipulation
strcat(dest_variable, string) – append one string to another
strchr(string, character) – find the first occurrence of a specified character in a string
strcmp(string1, string2) – compare two string
strcpy(dest_variable, string) – replace the contents of one string with the contents of another
strcspn(string, char_set) – find the first occurrence in a string of a specified character within a specified character set
strlen(string) – return the length of a string 6

7. strncat(dest_variable, source_char, source_max_size) – append characters to a string
strncmp(string1, string2, max_size) – compare first max_size characters within two strings
strncpy(dest_variable, string, max_size) – copy first max_size characters from one string to another
strpbrk(string, char_set) – find the first occurrence in a string of a specified character set in another string
strrchr(string, char) – find the last occurrence in a string of a specified character
strspn(string, char_set) – find the first occurrence of not-specified char in character set
strstr(string, source_string) – find the first occurrence of source string in another specified string 7

8. String Pointer Variable
String pointer – use of a pointer that indirectly points to a series of characters
String pointer is not a fixed size, so any size of text string can be assigned with an assignment operator
Syntax
char *strPointer ;
strPointer = “Hello”; 8

9. String Object Variable
String object – string class is not a normal data type; it can hold any size of text string
Requires <string> header
String object is also a char array, so it can be used like an array
Syntax
string strObject ;
strObject = “Hello” ;
cout << strObject << endl;
cout << strObject[4] << endl; 9