1. Development Chapter 9 An Introduction to Human Geography
The Cultural Landscape, 8e
James M. Rubenstein
Chapter 9
Development
PPT by Abe Goldman

2. Indicators of Development
Economic indicators of development
Gross domestic product per capita
Types of jobs
Raw materials
Consumer goods
Social indicators of development
Education and literacy
Health and welfare
Demographic indicators of development
Life expectancy – Infant mortality rate
Natural increase rate – Crude birth rate

3. Human Development Index
Fig. 9-1: Developed by the United Nations, the HDI combines several measures of development: life expectancy at birth, adjusted GDP per capita, and knowledge (schooling and literacy).

4. Annual GDP per Capita
Fig. 9-2: Annual gross domestic product (GDP) per capita averages over $20,000 in most developed countries but under $5,000 in most less developed countries.

5. Employment Changes by Sector
Fig. 9-3: Percentage employment in the primary, secondary, and tertiary sectors of MDCs has changed dramatically, but change has been slower in LDCs.

6. Telephones per Population
Fig. 9-4: Mean telephone lines per 1,000 persons, MDCs have several dozen phone lines per 1,000 persons, while the poorer developing countries may have less than 10.

7. Student-Teacher Ratios
Fig. 9-5: Students per teacher, primary school level. Primary school teachers have much larger class sizes in LDCs than in MDCs, partly because of the large numbers of young people in the population (Fig. 2-15).

8. Persons per Physician
Fig. 9-6: There is a physician for every 500 or fewer people in most MDCs, while thousands of people share a doctor on average in LDCs.

9. Calories per Capita
Fig. 9-7: Daily available calories per capita as percent of requirements. In MDCs, the average person consumes one-third or more over the required average minimum, while in LDCs, the average person gets only the minimum requirement or less.

10. More and Less Developed Regions
More developed regions
Anglo-America – Western Europe
Eastern Europe – Japan
South Pacific
Less developed regions
Latin America – East Asia
Southeast Asia – Middle East
South Asia – Sub-Saharan Africa

11. More and Less Developed Regions
Fig. 9-8: The less developed regions include Latin America, Sub-Saharan Africa, Middle East, South Asia, East Asia, and Southeast Asia.

12. Core and Periphery in World Economy
Fig. 9-22: This north polar projection of the world shows that most of the MDCs are in a core area north of 30° N latitude. The LDCs are mostly on the periphery of this map.

13. Development and Gender
Gender-related development index
Economic indicator of gender differences
Social indicators of gender differences
Demographic indicator of gender differences
Gender empowerment
Economic indicators of empowerment
Political indicators of empowerment

14. Gender-Related Development Index (GDI)
Fig. 9-10: The GDI combines four measures of development, reduced by the degree of disparity between males and females.

15. Female–Male Income Differences
Fig. 9-11: Women’s income is lower than men’s in all countries, but the gender gap is especially high in parts of the Middle East, South Asia, and Latin America.

16. Gender Differences in School Enrollment
Fig. 9-12: As many or more girls than boys are enrolled in school in more developed countries, but fewer girls than boys are enrolled in many LDCs.

17. Female Literacy Rates
Fig. 9-13a: Female literacy is lower than male literacy (Fig. 9-13b) in many LDCs, with significant gender gaps in parts of the Middle East, Africa, and South Asia.

18. Male Literacy Rates
Fig. 9-13b: There is a gap in literacy rates between MDCs and LDCs as well as between men and women in many LDCs.

19. Life Expectancy and Gender
Fig. 9-14: Women’s life expectancy is several years longer than men’s in MDCs, but only slightly longer in many LDCs.

20. Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM)
Fig. 9-15: The GEM combines two measures of economic power and two of political power by women. (Little data are available for LDCs.)

21. Women Professional and Technical Workers
Fig 9-16: Half or more of professional and technical workers are women in most MDCs and some LDCs, such as Brazil, but only a small proportion are women in most LDCs.

22. Women Administrators and Managers
Fig. 9-17: More than one-third of top administrators are women in North America and some other MDCs and LDCs, but 20% or fewer top administrators are women in many other countries.

23. Women as Legislators
Fig 9-18: Over 20% of legislative seats are held by women in China, some European nations, and several LDCs. In many other LDCs, under 10% are held by women.

24. Development Strategies
Development through self-sufficiency
Elements of self-sufficiency approach
Problems with self-sufficiency
Development through international trade
Rostow’s development model
Examples of international trade approach
Problems with international trade
Financing development

25. Income and Demographic Change, 1980–2004
Fig. 9-19: Per capita GDP has increased more in MDCs than in LDCs during this period, while population growth and infant mortality have declined more rapidly in MDCs than in LDCs.

26. Debt as Percent of Income
Fig. 9-20: Many developing countries have accumulated large debts relative to their GDPs. Much of their budgets now must be used to finance their debt.

27. Foreign Investment Flows
Fig. 9-21: Three-quarters of foreign investment flows from one MDC to another. Only one-quarter goes from an MDC to an LDC.