1. Understanding and Working with Trafficking Victims/Survivors in Maine

2. Objectives  Understand the problem of human trafficking  Learn how to identify victims/survivors of human trafficking  Learn how to meet the needs of trafficking victims/survivors

3. Overview of the Issue

4. Discussion  What are we seeing in Maine?  What does human trafficking look like?  What have we heard about human trafficking?

5. Definitions  How do you define human trafficking?  What is the difference between trafficking and exploitation?  Human trafficking: compelling into labor/commercial sex work through force, fraud or coercion, for economic gain of a trafficker.  Or any minor in commercial sex work is a victim/survivor of human trafficking.  Exploitation: the abuse of a position of vulnerability, differential power, or trust to profit monetarily, socially or politically from the labor or commercial sex work of another.

6. Data: In Maine  Limited Data  More Efforts Needed:  Increased Partnership  Increased Identification  Expansion of labor exploitation laws

7. Data: What do We Know About Maine? Hornby, et al. 2015 There are an estimated 200 - 300 victims of sex trafficking in Maine per year.

8. Data: What do We Know About Maine?

9. Data: What do we Know About Maine?  Preble Street Anti- Trafficking Collaborative, since spring 2014, has served:  Over 95 victim/survivors  Over 80 percent did not have stable housing at intake

10. Data: What Do we Know About the Nation? 1. "Hotline Statistics." National Human Trafficking Resource Center. 4,168 Victims reported to the NHTRC in 2015

11. Data: Nationwide Prevalence 1. "Hotline Statistics." National Human Trafficking Resource Center.

12. Data: What Do we Know About the World in Relation to the United States? 1. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services 2. U.S. Department of Justice 3. Free the Slaves

13. Laws: Federal  The Trafficking Victims Protection Act (TVPA) of 2000:  Establishes the crime of trafficking (prosecution),  Builds awareness and systems (prevention), and  Enhances services and collaboration (protection). 1 1. "Current Federal Laws." Polaris: Combating Human Trafficking and Modern-day Slavery. Web.

14. Laws: Maine  “Aggravated Sex Trafficking” occurs if a person knowingly promotes prostitution:  By “compelling” a person to enter into, engage in, or remain in prostitution  This includes any individuals who are under 18 or who suffer from a ‘mental disability’.  “Kidnapping and Criminal Restraint” occurs if a person knowingly:  Restrains a person, holds immigration documents, or makes an individual believe they will suffer harm if they do not perform labor.

15. Trafficking vs. Exploitation Trafficking  Element of force, fraud or coercion  Limited/no freedom of movement  Limited/no freedom to leave  Little/no control over earnings Exploitation  Substandard work conditions  Freedom of movement  Freedom to leave  Unfair wages

16. Trafficking vs. Smuggling  Human trafficking does not require crossing of borders or transportation.  Crime against a person  Smuggling is often voluntary – the individual being smuggled often knows he/she is coming to the U.S. and is free to go about his/her life once arriving. It’s likely a consensual contract between two parties.  Crime against a country

17. Understanding Victim/Survivors

18. Activity: Perception vs. Reality: Who Are “Traditional” Victims of Trafficking? What is our ‘traditional’ perception of a trafficking victim/survivor?  What does our cultural or media perception of a trafficking victim/survivor tell us?  What do they look or sound like?  How do they present?

19. Activity: Perception vs. Reality: Who Are “Maine” Victims of Trafficking? What does the reality of a trafficking victim/survivor look like?  What might that look like?  How might they present?  What sectors might they be engaged in?  What systems response does this ask of us?

20. Video: “The Faces of Human Trafficking” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NxBilNt-PiU

21. Forms of Labor Trafficking TYPES  Bonded/debt labor  Domestic work  Agricultural work  General Laborers, such as hotel and office cleaners, elder, home-health and child-care providers, farm, restaurant, and factory workers  Child labor 1. "Fact Sheet: Labor Trafficking." Office of Refugee Resettlement. Web. VENUES  Restaurants  Hotels  Nail salons  Agriculture  Construction & landscaping  Factories  Fishing industries  Cruises

22. Video: “Lured by a Job, Trapped in Forced Labour”

23. Vulnerabilities: 1. ”The Victims." National Human Trafficking Resource Center. 25 Sept. 2014. Who is vulnerable to trafficking?  Youth, especially runaway and homeless youth  Foreign nationals; displaced individuals  Mental health concerns/cognitive disabilities  Those living in poverty, oppressed, marginalized

24. Labor Trafficking Vulnerabilities In addition to the general trafficking vulnerabilities….  Geographic Vulnerabilities. Traffickers may recruit from places with:  Unstable politics  High rates of illiteracy  Little social mobility  Few economic opportunities 1. "Fact Sheet: Labor Trafficking." Office of Refugee Resettlement. Web.

25. Tactics: How do traffickers and exploiters use those vulnerabilities to recruit someone? How do they ensure someone continues to work for them after recruitment?  Force: sexual assault, rape, physical abuse and violence, isolation, imprisonment, torture  Fraud: deception, false promises, illegal contracts  Coercion: holding documents, withholding pay, debt bondage, threats of violence against victims, threats to report immigration status to authorities, threatening family or friends in home country, emotional and psychological abuse

26. Recruitment and control Trafficking recruitment may appear as:  Bait and switch (ie, fraudulent relationships, the promise of a better job or opportunity)  Force (kidnapping, being sold into the sex trade) Conditioning into trafficking may include:  Abuse including sexual and physical abuse, starvation, confinement  Emotional manipulation including threatening friends or family, shaming victim about informing family of activities  Other means of coercion including supplying or withholding basic needs or alcohol, prescription or illicit drugs 1. "Fact Sheet: Sex Trafficking." Office of Refugee Resettlement. Web.

27. Tactics, continued

28. Labor Traffickers:  Family/Romantic partner  (Dis)Organized crime  Diplomats  Households  Employment agency  Business owners

29. Discussion: Why might a victim/survivor not report their experience? How might they not respond to law enforcement or providers?

30. Meeting Victim/Survivor Needs

31. Scenario: Sonia comes into the shelter regularly, and talks about her weekend trips to Boston with her boyfriend. Jorge has come into the ER with a broken arm that he got at work, but he doesn’t have insurance, and his supervisor has come with him. Callie has been arrested for drug trafficking, and has a prior history of prostitution arrests; she doesn’t want to talk about her current boss. Josie is a domestic worker and takes care of the family’s children. She is at the park every day, but doesn’t know the common name of the neighborhood, hasn’t visited other places in the region, and doesn’t know what kind of work her employer does.

32. Scenario, continued  What indicators might you have seen in any of these cases?  What red flags may be visible?  What questions might you ask to find out more ?

33. Indicators and Red Flags:  Referral from law enforcement or community partner with suspicion of trafficking.  No access to personal identification, especially passports for foreign nationals.  Mentions of quota or debt in reference to employer/family member/partner.  Travel across state lines (without known resources to do so).  Frequenting hotels or areas known for criminal activities.  Unexplained physical injuries or signs of untreated illness of disease.  Disconnected or cut off from any family or support system.  Works excessively long hours or unusual hours and is unpaid, paid very little or paid only through tips.  Cannot identify address or residence.  Not allowed to speak for themselves—a 3 rd party speaks or translates for them.  Untreated mental health and medical needs (including STIs and a history of pregnancies).  Evidence of a controlling, abusive or dominating employer, partner or older adult.

34. Indicators of Labor Trafficking  Signs of physical abuse such as scars, headaches, hearing loss, cardiovascular/respiratory problems, and limb amputation.  Indicators related to work such as chronic back, visual and respiratory problems from working in agriculture, construction or manufacturing under dangerous conditions.  Signs of confinement - eating and working in the same location, lack of freedom of movement, access to identification, access to services  Psychological effects of torture: helplessness, shame, denial and disbelief, disorientation, and anxiety disorders, PTSD, phobias, panic attacks, and depression. Traumatic Bonding or “Stockholm Syndrome.”  Signs of malnourishment: Children not reaching full height, poorly formed or rotting teeth, reproductive problems. 1. "Fact Sheet: Labor Trafficking." Office of Refugee Resettlement. Web.

35. Possible Assessment Questions  Have you ever traded or been asked to trade sex/sexual acts for food, shelter or other basic needs?  Does someone control, supervise or monitor what you do?  How did you meet this person/how did you find out about this job?  Is your communication (calls, emails, conversations) ever restricted or monitored?  Do you have access to all your identification/personal documents?  Do you have access to any money or the money that you earn? Does anyone take all or some of your money?  What did you expect of this situation/relationship? Has it been as promised?  What would happen if you didn’t do what this person asked of you?  What would happen if you left this person/situation?

36. Maine Screening Tool

37. Discussion:  What needs might be currently met by a trafficker?  In what ways can you increase victim/survivor safety using the resources you already have?

38. Labor Trafficking Resources and Remedies  Department of Labor  Immigrant Legal Advocacy Project (ILAP)  EEOC Commissions  Human Rights Commission  Maine Migrant Health  Pine Tree Legal: Migrant Initiative  Catholic Charities  Embassies and Consulates

39. Tips for Connecting with Survivors  What works with supporting victims/survivors?  Interview individual alone  Involve a trained interpreter if language barrier exists  Ensure interview is conducted in confidential and trusted environment  Work on establishing trust  Allow survivors to describe what happened to others before focusing on the survivor’s own experiences  Acknowledging their efforts to talk about a difficult subject; offer short breaks  Be aware that some survivors may have engaged in “illegal” activities as part of their HT situation

40. Tips for Connecting with Survivors Connecting with your local team is the best way to:  Meet a wide range of needs efficiently  Maximize community resources  Share information to enhance safety Services may be specific to immigration status – T- Visa, U-Visa Consider your organizational and professional policies and ethics regarding confidentiality before you need them.

41. Maine Service Structure

42. Statewide Infrastructure:  The referral protocol is supported by a statewide infrastructure addressing policy and systems.

43. Local Services:  The National Human Trafficking Resource Center (NHTRC): Maine’s Single Point of Contact for Trafficking.  The toll-free hotline is available for urgent and non-urgent calls, 24/7.  200 languages are available.  A call to the NHTRC can connect you with local Maine resources.  1-888-373-7888

44. Resources Maine Sex Trafficking and Exploitation Network: www.mainesten.org Polaris: www.polarisproject.org

45. “ ” I am a survivor and I am in recovery. I am living proof that people change and life can be so much better than the darkness so many live in. -- Maine Trafficking Survivor

46. Thanks to: