1. Paraphrasing, Quoting, and Summarizing
By Ms. De La O

2. When do you use quotation rather than summary or paraphrase?
for support
to preserve vivid or technical language
to distance yourself from a quotation
paraphrase might alter the statement’s meaning
you can’t think of any way to say it that works as well as the original

3. Rules for Quotations
Don’t use a quote unless you can’t say it in your own words.
Never end a paragraph with a quote. Never expect the quote to make your point for you.
Never use long quotes (2-3 sentences would be maximum length for a student paper).
You must always explain how a quote supports your argument or how you disagree with the quote.

4. What are the different ways to use quotation in your sentences?
Citation-comma-quotation: Holden stated, “We always had the same meals on Saturday night at Pencey.”
Citation, colon, quotation (this format is used when the quotation is an example that illustrates your point). In chapter two, Holden commented on his time at Elkton Hills: “I hated that goddam Elkton Hills.”

5. What are the main punctuation rules for direct quotation
What are the main punctuation rules for direct quotation? What is the rule most often missed?
quotation marks around what is actually quoted only.
all periods and commas placed inside terminal quotation marks: "helpful words."not "helpful words".
question marks and exclamation points will be inside if the quotation is itself a question or exclamation. If your sentence is the question or exclamation, the punctuation mark goes outside.
for short phrases or words which are integrated into the sentence, no punctuation may be needed: he referred to “blood, sweat and tears” when rallying the English to war.

6. The three important guidelines for using quotations.
use sparingly
use in body of paragraph. Your words should be in topic sentence and you should conclude the paragraph.
don’t paraphrase the quotation. If the quotation is difficult, you may want to interpret it but your main job is to explain how this quotation supports the point of your paragraph.

7. When do you use paraphrase in your essay rather than quotation?
Most of the time your source is not authoritative or interesting enough to quote and you should paraphrase the ideas instead. Paraphrasing makes it easier to incorporate the ideas of another writer into your paper.
Use paraphrase to hive your readers an accurate and comprehensive account of ideas in your source—ideas you will explain, interpret or disagree with in your essay.
Paraphrasing can help you understand difficult passages which can help you prepare for writing.

8. Describe a good paraphrase.
Is accurate: should accurately represent the author’s ideas
Is complete: should tell the whole idea of author
In your own voice: don’t just substitute synonyms for key words and leave the rest unchanged. Your words and voice should convey the information.
Should make sense by itself: like a summary, you should be able to read a paraphrase and feel it is done in sentences which flow together naturally.

9. What is the difference between paraphrase and summary?
 paraphrase records a short passage; a summary records a passage of any length.
A paraphrase covers every point in the passage; a summary condenses and includes only main ideas.
A paraphrase records ideas in the same order as the original passage; a summary changes the order of ideas when necessary to make the summary more coherent.
A paraphrase does not interpret; a summary might explain or interpret.
A paraphrase is a bit shorter than the original; a summary is much shorter than the original.

10. What are characteristics of a bad paraphrase?
Misunderstanding: Writer of paraphrase misunderstands the text
Adding: writer puts his own ideas into the text
Guessing: writer only understood part of material and ignores the part they didn’t understand

11. What are the steps for making a good paraphrase?
Read through the passage very carefully and write notes of main points on a sheet of paper
Without looking at the passage, re-write it in your own words.
Look at your re-writing and the original. Make sure you haven't copied the same words or sentence structure. Also be sure you've included all the information in the original passage.

12. Summarizing
You do summarizing when you want to tell the main idea of a longer work. The most important thing to remember in a summary is to carefully show when ideas are from another source and when they are your own.

13. For example….
Salinger (any author’s last name) says, explains, reveals, notes, tells us, argues, persuasively illustrates, elucidates, clarifies, elucidates, expounds, communicates, conveys, claims, debates, disputes, discusses.
Rather than the last name, you can say: he, she, the author, the article, the writer of the essay, the journalist, the essayist, the article continues with…

14. Paraphrasing Exercise Instructions
Using a short paragraph in your book that has interesting information you might want to put in a paper, you are going to practice paraphrasing. Paraphrasing correctly means you change the words, the phrases, the sentence order and the grammar of the original. How to do this?
Read the original a couple of times carefully and think about what it means.
Without looking at the original, write re-wite the passage in your own words.
Look back at the original and see if you have used any of the same words, phrases or sentence order. If you have, change them.
Note: sometimes you do need to use a few of the same words if there is no other way to say it that wouldn’t change the meaning (although it can also help to ask someone else if they have an idea how to say that phrase differently).
If you do find a phrase or longer idea you can’t re-write, then enclose it in quotation marks. It is ok to combine paraphrasing with quoting.
Don’t forget to mention the source at the beginning of your paraphrase, and don’t forget parenthetical citation at the end.