2. Go to Section: Interest Grabber Getting Through Materials move through cells by diffusion. Oxygen and food move into cells, while waste products move out of cells. How does the size of a cell affect how efficiently materials get to all parts of a cell? Work with a partner to complete this activity. Section 10-1 1.On a sheet of paper, make a drawing of a cell that has the following dimensions: 5 cm x 5 cm x 5 cm. Your partner should draw another cell about one half the size of your cell on a separate sheet of paper. 2.Compare your drawings. How much longer do you think it would take to get from the cell membrane to the center of the big cell than from the cell membrane to the center of the smaller cell? 3.What is the advantage of cells being small?

3. Go to Section: Section Outline 10–1Cell Growth A.Limits to Cell Growth 1.DNA “Overload” 2.Exchanging Materials 3.Ratio of Surface Area to Volume 4.Cell Division Section 10-1

4. Go to Section: Cell Size Surface Area (length x width x 6) Volume (length x width x height) Ratio of Surface Area to Volume Ratio of Surface Area to Volume in Cells Section 10-1

5. Go to Section: Interest Grabber Cell Cycle The cell cycle represents recurring events that take place in the period of time from the beginning of one cell division to the beginning of the next. In addition to cell division, the cell cycle includes periods when the cell is growing and actively producing materials it needs for the next division. Section 10-2 1. Why is the cell cycle called a cycle? 2. Why do you think that it is important for a cell to grow in size during its cell cycle? 3. What might happen to a cell if all events leading up to cell division took place as they should, but the cell did not divide?

6. Go to Section: Section Outline 10–2Cell Division A.Chromosomes B.The Cell Cycle C.Events of the Cell Cycle D.Mitosis 1.Prophase 2.Metaphase 3.Anaphase 4.Telophase E.Cytokinesis Section 10-2

7. Go to Section: Figure 12.2 The functions of cell division 20 µm 100 µm 200 µm (a) Reproduction. An amoeba, a single-celled eukaryote, is dividing into two cells. Each new cell will be an individual organism (LM). (b) Growth and development. This micrograph shows a sand dollar embryo shortly after the fertilized egg divided, forming two cells (LM). (c) Tissue renewal. These dividing bone marrow cells (arrow) will give rise to new blood cells (LM).

8. Go to Section: Vegetative reproduction is a type of Asexual reproduction

9. Go to Section: Hydra capturing prey Budding a form of asexual reproduction is also seen Hydra capturing prey Budding a form of asexual reproduction is also seen

10. Go to Section: Sexual reproduction results in offspring with variation and does not look exactly like the parents.

11. Go to Section:

16. Figure 12.4 Chromosome duplication and distribution during cell division 0.5 µm Chromosome duplication (including DNA synthesis) Centromere Separation of sister chromatids Sister chromatids Centrometers Sister chromatids A eukaryotic cell has multiple chromosomes, one of which is represented here. Before duplication, each chromosome has a single DNA molecule. Once duplicated, a chromosome consists of two sister chromatids connected at the centromere. Each chromatid contains a copy of the DNA molecule. Mechanical processes separate the sister chromatids into two chromosomes and distribute them to two daughter cells.

17. Go to Section: includes is divided into Concept Map Section 10-2 Cell Cycle M phase (Mitosis) Interphase G 1 phaseS phaseProphaseG 2 phaseMetaphaseTelophaseAnaphase

18. Go to Section: M phase G 2 phase S phase G 1 phase Figure 10–4 The Cell Cycle Section 10-2

19. Go to Section: Centrioles Chromatin Interphase Nuclear envelope Cytokinesis Nuclear envelope reforming Telophase Anaphase Individual chromosomes Metaphase Centriole Spindle Centriole Chromosomes (paired chromatids) Prophase Centromere Spindle forming Section 10-2 Figure 10–5 Mitosis and Cytokinesis

20. Go to Section: Centrioles Chromatin Interphase Nuclear envelope Cytokinesis Nuclear envelope reforming Telophase Anaphase Individual chromosomes Metaphase Centriole Spindle Centriole Chromosomes (paired chromatids) Prophase Centromere Spindle forming Section 10-2 Figure 10–5 Mitosis and Cytokinesis Aster

21. Go to Section: Centrioles Chromatin Interphase Nuclear envelope Cytokinesis Nuclear envelope reforming Telophase Anaphase Individual chromosomes Metaphase Centriole Spindle Centriole Chromosomes (paired chromatids) Prophase Centromere Spindle forming Section 10-2 Figure 10–5 Mitosis and Cytokinesis

22. Go to Section: Centrioles Chromatin Interphase Nuclear envelope Cytokinesis Nuclear envelope reforming Telophase Anaphase Individual chromosomes Metaphase Centriole Spindle Centriole Chromosomes (paired chromatids) Prophase Centromere Spindle forming Section 10-2 Figure 10–5 Mitosis and Cytokinesis

23. Go to Section: Centrioles Chromatin Interphase Nuclear envelope Cytokinesis Nuclear envelope reforming Telophase Anaphase Individual chromosomes Metaphase Centriole Spindle Centriole Chromosomes (paired chromatids) Prophase Centromere Spindle forming Section 10-2 Figure 10–5 Mitosis and Cytokinesis

24. Go to Section: Centrioles Chromatin Interphase Nuclear envelope Cytokinesis Nuclear envelope reforming Telophase Anaphase Individual chromosomes Metaphase Centriole Spindle Centriole Chromosomes (paired chromatids) Prophase Centromere Spindle forming Section 10-2 Figure 10–5 Mitosis and Cytokinesis Animal Cell Mitosis Cytokinesis

25. Go to Section: 1.Made of G 1, S and G 2 Subphases 2.During The S subphase DNA is replicated and the chromosomes become double stranded 1.Chromosomes wind up and become visible 2.Centrioles start to move to opposite poles 3.Spindle starts to form between centrioles 4.Nuclear membrane and nucleolus dissapears 1.Spindle is complete 2.Centromeres line up along equator 3.Kinetechore microtubules are attached to the centromeres 1.Centromeres split 2.Chromatids separated and single stranded chromosomes pulled to opposite poles = Karyokinesis 1.Chromosomes unwind at opposite poles 2.Nucleolus and nuclear membrane reappear 3.Cytokinesis usually is complete

26. Go to Section: Kinetochore Microtubules

27. Go to Section: Link to Demo Mitosis quiz

28. Go to Section: Cleavage Furrow Animal Cell Cytokinesis

29. Go to Section: Cleavage Furrow Cell Plate

30. Go to Section:

31. Pearson Mitosis Lab Print out answers to Lab Quiz 1 tonight

32. Go to Section: Interest Grabber Knowing When to Stop Suppose you had a paper cut on your finger. Although the cut may have bled and stung a little, after a few days, it will have disappeared, and your finger would be as good as new. Section 10-3 1.How do you think the body repairs an injury, such as a cut on a finger? 2.How long do you think this repair process continues? 3.What do you think causes the cells to stop the repair process?

33. Go to Section: Section Outline 10–3Regulating the Cell Cycle A.Controls on Cell Division B.Cell Cycle Regulators 1.Internal Regulators 2.External Regulators C.Uncontrolled Cell Growth Section 10-3

34. Go to Section: Control of Cell Division Section 10-3 Contact Inhibition

35. Go to Section: Lack of anchorage dependence too Contact Inhibition

36. Go to Section: H e L a Cancer Cells

37. Go to Section: Malignant cells may invade and destroy surrounding tissue. They may absorb needed nutrients, block connections and destroy proper function

38. Go to Section: A sample of cytoplasm is removed from a cell in mitosis. The sample is injected into a second cell in G 2 of interphase. As a result, the second cell enters mitosis. Figure 10–8 Effect of Cyclins Section 10-3 Cyclin is an internal regulator of the cell cycle

39. Go to Section: Growth Factor Growth Factors externally stimulate growth and cell division Important during embryonic development and wound healing

40. Go to Section: Apoptosis: programmed cell death

41. Go to Section:

42. Gene p53 usually halts the cell cycle at the G 2 check point to check for complete replication– a defect in this gene can cause cancer

43. Go to Section: Cdk and Cyclin combine to form MPF - which is an active form of Cdk MPF will phosphorylate many enzymes - which will move the cell past the G 2 checkpoint into M phase - it will also make a proteolytic enzyme that destroys cyclin and thus destroys MPF MPF is only active when there is a high cyclin concentration M Cyclin p53 usually halts cell cycle

44. Go to Section:

45. Early embryonic cells are totipotent and can turn into any cell During development cells become more differentiated and specialized As stem cells become specialized they lose their totipotency and become pluripotent

46. Go to Section: Older embryonic stem cells from the inner mass cells are pluripotent and can differentiate into many types of cells, but not cells of the embryonic membranes

47. Go to Section: Limited differentiation Even older adult stem cells are multipotent and have limited differentiation.

48. Go to Section:

50. Video 1 Click the image to play the video segment. Video 1 Animal Cell Mitosis

51. Video 2 Click the image to play the video segment. Video 2 Animal Cell Cytokinesis

52. Internet Links on cell growth Links from the authors on stem cells Share cell cycle lab data Interactive test For links on cell division, go to www.SciLinks.org and enter the Web Code as follows: cbn-3102.www.SciLinks.org For links on the cell cycle, go to www.SciLinks.org and enter the Web Code as follows: cbn-3103.www.SciLinks.org Go Online

53. Section 1 Answers Interest Grabber Answers 1.On a sheet of paper, make a drawing of a cell that has the following dimensions: 5 cm x 5 cm x 5 cm. Your partner should draw another cell about one half the size of your cell on a separate sheet of paper. 2.Compare your drawings. How much longer do you think it would take to get from the cell membrane to the center of the big cell than from the cell membrane to the center of the smaller cell? It would take twice the amount of time. 3.What is the advantage of cells being small? If cells are small, materials can be distributed to all parts of the cell quickly.

54. Section 2 Answers Interest Grabber Answers 1. Why is the cell cycle called a cycle? It represents recurring events. 2. Why do you think that it is important for a cell to grow in size during its cell cycle? If a cell did not grow in size, each cell division would produce progressively smaller cells. 3. What might happen to a cell if all events leading up to cell division took place as they should, but the cell did not divide? Students may infer that a cell that undergoes all sequences of the cell cycle would grow increasingly larger—to a point at which the cell could no longer exchange materials with the environment efficiently enough to live.

55. Section 3 Answers Interest Grabber Answers 1.How do you think the body repairs an injury, such as a cut on a finger? The cut is repaired by the production of new cells through cell division. 2.How long do you think this repair process continues? Cell division continues until the cut is repaired. 3.What do you think causes the cells to stop the repair process? Students will likely say that when the cut is filled in, there is no room for more cells to grow.

56. End of Custom Shows This slide is intentionally blank.

57. Go to Section: Note: Mitosis Smartboard

58. Go to Section: Onion Mitosis Click Here for Onion Mitosis Site

59. Go to Section: Interphase Prophase

60. Go to Section: Metaphase Telophase

61. Go to Section: Anaphase Metaphase

62. Go to Section: Telophase

63. Go to Section: Metaphase Telophase Prophase Anaphase

64. Go to Section:

67. Unnumbered Figure p. 235

68. Go to Section: Whitefish Mitosis Click Here for Whitefish Mitosis Site

69. Go to Section: Anaphase Telophase

70. Go to Section: PROPHASE

71. Go to Section: Metaphase

72. Go to Section: Anaphase

73. Go to Section: Telophase