1. Phonetics Overview/review Transcription Describing Phones Drills Overview/review Transcription Describing Phones Drills

2. Overview Referring to sounds, NOT LETTERS How do we call it then? Produce it 3-way description The sound indicated by the symbol [p] Referring to sounds, NOT LETTERS How do we call it then? Produce it 3-way description The sound indicated by the symbol [p]

3. International Phonetic Alphabet One-to-one relationship between symbol and sound Universal Based on Roman alphabet, but they are not letters One-to-one relationship between symbol and sound Universal Based on Roman alphabet, but they are not letters

4. Transcription Practice Transcribe: Your name Linguistics, hiccup, teeth, teethe, delay, should, sign, sane, phonetics, yellow Transcribe: Your name Linguistics, hiccup, teeth, teethe, delay, should, sign, sane, phonetics, yellow

5. Describing Phones We use three parameters to describe phones: VOICING PLACE OF ARTICULATION MANNER OF ARTICULATION The IPA chart shows all three parameters for each phone We use three parameters to describe phones: VOICING PLACE OF ARTICULATION MANNER OF ARTICULATION The IPA chart shows all three parameters for each phone

6. VOICING The state of the vocal folds (VF) determines whether a sound is voiced or voiceless When VF are open air can pass through it freely, without any vibration When VF are drawn close together air passes through it with w/ difficulty, creating vibration Compare [s] vs [z] ; [f] vs [v]; [k] vs [g] The state of the vocal folds (VF) determines whether a sound is voiced or voiceless When VF are open air can pass through it freely, without any vibration When VF are drawn close together air passes through it with w/ difficulty, creating vibration Compare [s] vs [z] ; [f] vs [v]; [k] vs [g]

7. PLACE OF ARTICULATION Refers to WHERE in the vocal tract a constriction is made (generally with some part of the tongue)

8. Places of articulation (see p. 18 in cp) Bilabial [p, b, m, w] Closure of both lips Labiodental [f, v] Lower lip touches upper teeth Interdental [ D, T ] Tongue protrudes through teeth Alveolar [t, d, s, z, n, l, ® ] Tongue touches alveolar ridge Bilabial [p, b, m, w] Closure of both lips Labiodental [f, v] Lower lip touches upper teeth Interdental [ D, T ] Tongue protrudes through teeth Alveolar [t, d, s, z, n, l, ® ] Tongue touches alveolar ridge

9. Places of articulation, continued Palatal [ S, Z, tS, dZ, j ] Top of tongue approximates/touches the middle/hard palate Velar [k, g, ŋ ] Back of tongue touches the soft palate/velum Glottal [h, / ] Opening or closing of the glottis (the space between the vocal folds) Palatal [ S, Z, tS, dZ, j ] Top of tongue approximates/touches the middle/hard palate Velar [k, g, ŋ ] Back of tongue touches the soft palate/velum Glottal [h, / ] Opening or closing of the glottis (the space between the vocal folds)

10. MANNER OF ARTICULATION Refers to HOW this constriction is made

11. Manners of Articulation Stop [p, b, t, d, k, g, / ] & [n, m, N ] airflow through mouth is completely impeded Fricative [f, v, s, z, D, T, S, Z, h] narrow constriction produces turbulence Affricate [t S, d Z ] a stop followed by a fricative Stop [p, b, t, d, k, g, / ] & [n, m, N ] airflow through mouth is completely impeded Fricative [f, v, s, z, D, T, S, Z, h] narrow constriction produces turbulence Affricate [t S, d Z ] a stop followed by a fricative

12. Manners of Articulation, cont’d Nasal [m, n, N ] air flows through the nose; velum is lowered Approximants [l, ® (liquids)] [w, j (glides)] wide constriction that does not produce turbulence ** FLAP: the voiced alveolar flap [ R ] is also an English sound, though it’s not listed in the chart.** Nasal [m, n, N ] air flows through the nose; velum is lowered Approximants [l, ® (liquids)] [w, j (glides)] wide constriction that does not produce turbulence ** FLAP: the voiced alveolar flap [ R ] is also an English sound, though it’s not listed in the chart.**

13. Drills Voicing VD or VL Place BL, LD, ID, A, P, V, G Manner S, F, AF, N, AP Voicing VD or VL Place BL, LD, ID, A, P, V, G Manner S, F, AF, N, AP