1. 1. Who is most likely to be in the ‘operable state’ A.ASD, PAH (Pulmonary artery pressure of 70 mm Hg systolic), short ESM at left 2 nd interspace B.Large PDA, asymptomatic 5 years old child, lower limb saturation 91% C.Large perimembranous VSD, severe PAH, MDM at apex in a 1 year old infant D.Large AP window, no murmur, no cardiomegaly in a 6 year old child

2. Which of the following conditions has the maximum propensity for extremely rapid development of pulmonary vascular obstructive disease? A.D-transposition with a large patent arterial duct B.Coronary sinus type of total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage C.Combination of large perimembranous VSD with large PDA D.Tricuspid atresia, normally related great arteries and a 8 mm muscular VSD in a newborn

3. Which of the following statements about severe coarctation in a newborn is true? A.It is often associated with pulmonary hypertension B.Balloon dilation is the treatment of choice C.Common associated lesions include TAPVC and DTGA with intact septum D.The ascending aorta is usually of small size if the coarctation is an isolated lesion

4. Which of the following conditions is most likely to be inoperable? A.AV canal defect in a 10 month old infant with Down’s syndrome and a resting saturation of 92%. B.Transposition with unrestrictive VSD in a 4 month old infant; resting saturation 81%. C.Large VSD with Cortriatriatum, severe pulmonary venous hypertension and a resting saturation of 85%. D.Large ASD in a 18 year old with a PA mean pressure of 56 mm Hg and resting saturation of 91%.

5. A.Left to right and right to left shunt volumes B.Shunt (Qp/Qs) ratio C.Resistance ratio (PVR/SVR) D.Trans-pulmonary gradient Which of the following is likely to be least accurately estimated during cardiac catheterization?

6. In which of the following situations is cardiac catheterization needed to determine operability? A.22 year old with ASD and PA systolic pressure of 62 mm Hg estimated by TR jet? B.A 14 year old with PDA, PAH and lower limb saturation of 89% C.A 4 year old with single ventricle no PS and a resting saturation of 78% D.A 2 year old with unrestrictive VSD, resting saturation of 98%, diastolic flow murmur at apex

7. Answers 1.C 2.A 3.A 4.D 5.A 6.A