1. CIVIL WAR

2. UNDERLYING CAUSES OF THE CIVIL WAR
SECTIONALISM
ECONOMIC CONCERNS
STATES’ RIGHTS
SLAVERY
While many people might identify slavery as the only cause of the eventual war between the Union and Confederacy, the conflict actually had several different causes.
Bullet #1: Sectionalism. It became more and more the norm for people to identify more with their region than it was for them to have a national identity. It was common for someone to say, “I am a Virginian” (or “New Yorker” or “Georgian”), and then to say almost as an afterthought, “and I am an American. Robert E. Lee, for example, turned down command of the Union army because his allegiance was more with his state of Virginia than with the national army.
Bullet #2: Economic concerns. As the nation grew, the North saw itself become more industrial while the south became more agricultural. Where the south originally supported internal improvements (roads and canals) because it would support envisioned industry, it later vehemently opposed them when that industry failed to materialize. While the north supported tariffs to protect industrial productivity, the south opposed them because they raised prices for goods they needed.
Bullet #3: States’ Rights. Even at the creation of the United States, the 1787 Philadelphia Constitutional Convention, there was a heated debate as to the amount of power that should be given to the central government. Southerners generally believed that limited central government was more desirable while maintaining state sovereignty. Northerners believed that the central government needed increased authority. Jefferson and Madison’s “Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions” as well as John C. Calhoun’s support of secession during the tariff debates in the late 1820s and early 1830s were early examples of the division of the regions over the issue of government authority.
Bullet #4: Slavery. While both North and South utilized involuntary servitude, it boomed in the south, where unskilled labor was more suited. The north needed more skilled labor, which slavery could not provide. In addition, the north became more and more opposed to the expansion of slavery into territories acquired by the United States, and sought to contain slavery through various compromises, such as the Missouri Compromise of 1820, and the Compromise of 1850.

3. THE NORTH AND SOUTH DEVELOPED ALONG DIFFERENT LINES NORTH SOUTH
DIVERSE ECONOMY BASED ON INDUSTRY AND AGRICULTURE
ECONOMY BASED ON AGRICULTURE
LARGE CITIES UNDERGOING RAPID URBANIZATION
MAINLY RURAL WITH A FEW CITIES
MASSIVE IMMIGRATION STRENGTHENED THE ECONOMY
FEW IMMIGRANTS
FAVORED FEDERAL SPENDING ON INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS AND WANTED HIGH TARIFFS
OPPOSED FEDERAL SPENDING ON INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS AND WANTED NO TARIFFS
THE NORTHEAST WAS ECONOMICALLY LINKED WITH THE MIDWEST
SOUGHT TO EXPAND BY CREATING MORE SLAVE STATES
ECONOMY BASED ON FREE LABOR
ECONOMY BASED ON SLAVE LABOR

4. THE ELECTION OF ABRAHAM LINCOLN WAS THE TRIGGER THAT SET OFF THE FIRST WAVE OF SECESSION IN THE SOUTHERN SLAVE STATES.

5. FORMATION OF THE CONFEDERATE STATES OF AMERICA
SOUTHERN STATE DELEGATES MET IN MONTGOMERY, ALABAMA
WROTE CONSTITUTION TO PROTECT THE RIGHTS OF SLAVE OWNERS
ELECTED JEFFERSON DAVIS FIRST PRESIDENT OF THE CONFEDERATE STATES OF AMERICA
Within a few weeks of South Carolina’s secession, delegates from the states leaving the Union met in Montgomery, Alabama met to create a new government and write a new constitution.
The Confederate constitution was a mirror of the US Constitution they had decided to reject. However, it had two significant differences. One was that it recognized slavery in new territories. It also recognized that each of the Confederate states were “sovereign and independent”.
Soon after the adoption of the Constitution, the new government elected Jefferson Davis, Mississippi Senator and former Secretary of War, as the first president of the Confederate States. Alexander Stephens, a former congressman from Georgia, was elected vice president.

6. CONFEDERATE STATES OF AMERICA (CSA)

7. THE SHADED STATES WERE THE LOYAL BORDER SLAVE STATES
UNION STATES
THE SHADED STATES WERE THE LOYAL BORDER SLAVE STATES

8. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE BORDER STATES
BORDER STATES ALLOWED SLAVERY, BUT WERE KEPT IN THE UNION.
THEY WERE NECESSARY FOR THE UNION TO HOLD AT ALL COSTS BECAUSE THE NORTH NEEDED:
TO KEEP THEIR ECONOMIC RESOURCES
TO KEEP THEIR MANPOWER FOR THE UNION WAR EFFORT
MISSOURI
KENTUCKY
DELAWARE
MARYLAND
Another major problem facing Lincoln was what to do regarding the four border states. All four of these states, Missouri, Kentucky, Delaware, and Maryland, allowed for slavery, and were split on the issue of secession.
Strategically, the states were of monumental importance. These states had a significant number of people, many factories, and surrounded the heartland of the Union. To lose them would be a devastating blow to Union hopes.
Lincoln decided that these states had to be held at all cost, and used political means as well as military occupation to keep the states in the Union. However, Lincoln’s strategy was successful. The states remained “loyal” throughout the war.

9. STRENGTHS OF THE NORTH AND SOUTH
UNION
TWICE AS MANY PEOPLE
MORE MANPOWER FOR FIGHTING
MORE INDUSTRY AND RAILROADS
BETTER ECONOMY AND FOOD PRODUCTION
RECOGNITION AS AN INDEPENDENT NATION
BETTER POLITICAL LEADERS
CONFEDERACY
BETTER MILITARY LEADERS AND MILITARY TRADITION
“THE CAUSE”
IMPORTANCE OF COTTON TO THE WORLD ECONOMY
FIGHTING ON HOME TERRITORY
FIGHTING A DEFENSIVE RATHER THAN OFFENSIVE WAR
Both sides could claim some significant strengths going into the war. The Union was nearly double the size of the Confederacy in population. In addition, a sizable amount of the Confederate population was enslaved. Most of the nation’s industry was located in the North, as well as a majority of the nation’s railroads.
The Union also had a stronger economic system as well. Its currency was accepted nationwide and worldwide. On the other hand, Confederate paper money was considered weak in value. The Union was recognized as a legitimate government, and could negotiate with foreign governments. The Confederacy did not enjoy that luxury, and sought throughout the war to receive diplomatic recognition from foreign governments, especially Great Britain.
Abraham Lincoln, although frequently criticized by the press as well as members of his own political party and cabinet, was generally considered a stronger, more effective leader than Jefferson Davis, who frequently found that he was unable to wield much executive power, partly because the Confederate Constitution gave sovereignty to the individual states over the central government.
The Confederacy boasted better military leaders. While Lincoln went from general to general looking for a fighting commander, the Confederacy boasted such legendary commanders as Robert E. Lee, James Longstreet, Jeb Stuart, and Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson.
The Confederacy also had the advantage of a “cause”… a reason to fight. While Lincoln’s plea to arms to restore the union was questioned as to its significance, there was no doubt that fighting for the rights of southerners and independence was a major theme holding the Confederacy together.
Finally, the Confederacy had the “home field advantage”, fighting on their home ground, as well as fighting a defensive war rather than being constantly on the offensive. As long as the Confederate Army remained able to fight, it symbolized the resistance against what the Confederates considered Northern aggression.

10. UNION STRATEGY TO WIN THE WAR: “BOA CONSTRICTOR” OR “ANACONDA”
NAMED FOR THE SNAKE THAT SQUEEZES ITS PREY TO DEATH, THE STRATEGY WAS DESIGNED TO STRANGLE THE SOUTH.
DEVISED BY GENERAL WINFIELD SCOTT HERE ARE THE MAJOR ELEMENTS:
CAPTURE THE CONFEDERATE CAPITAL CITY OF RICHMOND AND THE REST OF VIRGINIA
INVADE TENNESSEE TO MOVE INTO THE SOUTH
STRIKE ALONG THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER TO SPLIT THE CONFEDERACY
BLOCKADE ALL SOUTHERN PORTS TO PREVENT IMPORTS
In the beginning of the Civil War, the Union sought a strategy that could effectively neutralize the Confederacy as a fighting force. General Winfield Scott, the first Union commander, came up with what eventually became known as the “Anaconda Plan”, which, like a giant snake, would strangle its prey.
In actuality, the plan involved several strategies. One arm of the Union Army would threaten Richmond, which had become the capital of the Confederacy with the addition of Virginia. Still another force would strike at the “heartland” of the Confederacy, Tennessee, in an attempt to move further southward. Another part of the strategy would be to strike along the Mississippi River. If the Union could capture the vital waterway, they could effectively split the Confederacy.
Perhaps the most effective part of the strategy was the blockade of southern ports by the Union Navy. By making it difficult for men and materiel to enter the south via water, the Union could greatly hinder the Confederates ability to make war, since a great majority of their supplies had to be imported from foreign ports.
THIS PLAN HELPED GRANT AT THE END OF THE WAR.

11. CONFEDERATE STRATEGY
THE CONFEDERACY DESPERATELY NEEDED SUPPORT FROM FOREIGN GOVERNMENTS TO SUCCEED IN THE WAR BECAUSE THEY LACKED THE RESOURCES NECESSARY TO WIN. THEY BELIEVED THAT EUROPE’S DEPENDENCY ON SOUTHERN COTTON WOULD GAIN THEIR SUPPORT.
THEIR STRATEGY WAS TO FIGHT A DEFENSIVE WAR AND ONLY ATTACK WHEN VICTORY SEEMED LIKELY.
While the Union’s Anaconda strategy called for constant pressure on the Confederacy, the Southern strategy was based on maintaining an army in the field while diplomats sought to get foreign assistance in the Confederate struggle for independence. With that goal in mind, the southern strategy was primarily to fight a defensive war.
However, Confederate political leaders gave their military commanders the latitude to attack the North or invade Northern states when practical. Lee did this twice, at Antietam and Gettysburg. In both instances Northern forces repulsed the South.
GENERAL ROBERT E. LEE

12. THE UNION MOBILIZED THE MILITARY
LINCOLN CALLED FOR THE STATES TO PROVIDE MILITIA TROOPS. MANY JOINED TO COLLECT BOUNTIES, A BONUS FOR JOINING THE MILITARY.
NOT ENOUGH VOLUNTEERS JOINED THE MILITARY, FORCING CONGRESS TO PASS THE ENROLLMENT ACT IN MARCH OF 1863, THE FIRST DRAFT IN UNITED STATES HISTORY.
DRAFT RIOTS OCCURRED IN NYC BETWEEN IRISH AND AFRICAN AMERICAN CITIZENS.
VETERANS WERE PAID BOUNTIES OF $400 TO RE-ENLIST, WHILE NEW RECRUITS WERE PAID $300.
As it became more and more apparent that military force would be needed to end the rebellion in the south, Lincoln appealed to the states to provide militia forces to bolster the army, which at the time of the outbreak of the Civil War had a total of only 16,000 men.
Many states exceeded the quotas set by the White House. Other states, particularly the border states which still allowed slavery, refused to allow any troops to fight.
Shortly after the Union defeat in the Battle of Bull Run, Congress authorized the raising of a volunteer army of 500,000. Many of these prospective soldiers were encouraged to join because of monetary bounties that state governments provided.
Even so, it became evident that more manpower would be needed to fight the South, and for the first time in US History, a draft was instituted with the passage of the “Enrollment Act”. An estimated 46,000 troops were eventually drafted under federal law.
$300 in 2005=$4,500

13. THE “SUBSTITUTE” SYSTEM “A RICH MAN’S WAR…BUT A POOR MAN’S FIGHT”
NORTHERN MEN COULD HIRE SOMEONE TO TAKE THEIR PLACE IN MILITARY SERVICE FOR $300.
SUBSTITUTIONS WERE LEGAL UNDER THE ENROLLMENT ACT OF 1863.
SUBSTITUTION RATE EVENTUALLY RAISED TO $400.
CONFEDERATE LAW ALSO ALLOWED FOR SUBSTITUTES AND EXEMPTIONS FOR PLANTERS WITH MORE THAN 20 SLAVES.
DRAFT RIOTS IN NEW YORK TARGETED THOSE THOUGHT TO BE ABLE TO AFFORD SUBSTITUTES AS WELL AS BLACKS.
While the Union and Confederacy struggled to find sufficient manpower to fight the Civil War, thousands of men on both sides avoided military service by hiring a “substitute”. The practice was wide-spread, and even included as part of federal law in the passage of the Enrollment Act of 1863, which allowed for a military draft.
The process was actually quite simple, a man of draft age could simply contract someone to take their place in the army. In the Confederacy, men with 20 or more slaves were automatically exempt from the draft.
However, the substitution rule angered many poorer men, who couldn’t afford the $300 fee and therefore might be sent to the front lines, and possibly to their deaths. Cries of “rich man’s war, poor man’s fight” became common. In addition, the substitution policy caused many poorer whites to attack those they believed could afford the substitution fee as well as African-Americans they believed took the jobs of whites being sent to fight.
By some estimates, 25% of the men eligible for the military draft from hired substitutes to take their place. Still another 45% were considered unfit for duty because of health reasons, and 25% simply “dodged the draft”. In conclusion, a very small percentage of men eligible for the draft actually saw military service.

14. CIVIL WAR SOLDIERS IN THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH
CIVIL WAR SOLDIERS IN THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH. CHART DEPICTS HOW THEY JOINED THE MILITARY.

15. DISSENTERS
A DISSENTER IS SOMEONE WHO DISAGREES. EVERY WARTIME PRESIDENT HAS DEALT WITH DISSENTERS. ALTHOUGH LINCOLN RESPECTED CIVIL LIBERTIES, HE HAD TO DEAL WITH SEDITION (SPEECH THAT ADVOCATES REVOLUTION AGAINST GOVERNMENT).
LINCOLN TOOK THE FOLLOWING STEPS TO DEAL WITH DISSENTERS:
SENT TROOPS TO STOP PROTESTS OR RIOTS
SUSPENDED HABEAS CORPUS (A CITIZEN’S CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHT TO HAVING FORMAL CHARGES BROUGHT UP AGAINST HIM IN A COURT OF LAW)
SEIZED TELEGRAPH OFFICES
THE SUPREME COURT RULED THAT LINCOLN WENT BEYOND HIS CONSTITUTIONAL AUTHORITY. HE IGNORED THE RULING.
During the war years, Lincoln faced a problem encountered by every wartime President. While recognizing the public’s First Amendment rights of freedom of speech and the press, Lincoln also realized that he could not allow sedition (speech that advocates overthrow of the government) to grow in the North.
To that end, Lincoln suspended habeas corpus. Habeas Corpus (Latin for “You have the body”) refers to a Constitutional guarantee which ensures a court order requiring authorities to bring a person before a court to determine why they are being held. In essence, a person cannot be held without formal charges being filed against them.
Lincoln used this tactic in several instances. At one point, nearly 13,000 suspected Confederate sympathizers were held in jail without formal charges being filed against them.
In the case ex parte Merryman, Chief Justice Roger Taney ruled that Lincoln had overstepped his bounds as President by suspending habeas corpus; that suspension could only be approved by Congress. Taney ordered John Merryman, a Maryland resident and avowed secessionist, released from jail. Lincoln simply ignored the order.

16. Outcome/Significance
Civil War Battles
Battle
Outcome/Significance
1861 – First Battle of Bull Run
Union Loss/McDowell replaced with McClellan
1862 – Battle of Shiloh
Union Loss/McClellan loses
1862 – Old Ironclads
Confederate naval ships
1862 – Battle of Antietam
Bloody/Union Victory
1863 – Battle of Gettysburg
1863 – Battle of Vicksburg
Union Victory/Mississippi River Won
1864 – Grant’s March to the Sea
Destructive March to Savannah
1864 – Battle at Appomattox
Lee Surrenders/Union Wins
During the war years, Lincoln faced a problem encountered by every wartime President. While recognizing the public’s First Amendment rights of freedom of speech and the press, Lincoln also realized that he could not allow sedition (speech that advocates overthrow of the government) to grow in the North.
To that end, Lincoln suspended habeas corpus. Habeas Corpus (Latin for “You have the body”) refers to a Constitutional guarantee which ensures a court order requiring authorities to bring a person before a court to determine why they are being held. In essence, a person cannot be held without formal charges being filed against them.
Lincoln used this tactic in several instances. At one point, nearly 13,000 suspected Confederate sympathizers were held in jail without formal charges being filed against them.
In the case ex parte Merryman, Chief Justice Roger Taney ruled that Lincoln had overstepped his bounds as President by suspending habeas corpus; that suspension could only be approved by Congress. Taney ordered John Merryman, a Maryland resident and avowed secessionist, released from jail. Lincoln simply ignored the order.

17. STATISTICS FROM THE BATTLE AT ANTIETAM
NINE TIMES MORE AMERICANS DIED AT ANTIETAM THAN IN THE D-DAY INVASION, THE BLOODIEST SINGLE DAY OF WORLD WAR II.
THIS SINGLE DAY’S BATTLE INCLUDED MORE CASUALTIES THAN THE ENTIRE REVOLUTIONARY WAR, WAR OF 1812, AND SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR COMBINED.

18. Lincoln’s Presidency 1st Inaugural Speech Emancipation Proclamation
Gettysburg Address
2nd Inaugural Speech
While many people might identify slavery as the only cause of the eventual war between the Union and Confederacy, the conflict actually had several different causes.
Bullet #1: Sectionalism. It became more and more the norm for people to identify more with their region than it was for them to have a national identity. It was common for someone to say, “I am a Virginian” (or “New Yorker” or “Georgian”), and then to say almost as an afterthought, “and I am an American. Robert E. Lee, for example, turned down command of the Union army because his allegiance was more with his state of Virginia than with the national army.
Bullet #2: Economic concerns. As the nation grew, the North saw itself become more industrial while the south became more agricultural. Where the south originally supported internal improvements (roads and canals) because it would support envisioned industry, it later vehemently opposed them when that industry failed to materialize. While the north supported tariffs to protect industrial productivity, the south opposed them because they raised prices for goods they needed.
Bullet #3: States’ Rights. Even at the creation of the United States, the 1787 Philadelphia Constitutional Convention, there was a heated debate as to the amount of power that should be given to the central government. Southerners generally believed that limited central government was more desirable while maintaining state sovereignty. Northerners believed that the central government needed increased authority. Jefferson and Madison’s “Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions” as well as John C. Calhoun’s support of secession during the tariff debates in the late 1820s and early 1830s were early examples of the division of the regions over the issue of government authority.
Bullet #4: Slavery. While both North and South utilized involuntary servitude, it boomed in the south, where unskilled labor was more suited. The north needed more skilled labor, which slavery could not provide. In addition, the north became more and more opposed to the expansion of slavery into territories acquired by the United States, and sought to contain slavery through various compromises, such as the Missouri Compromise of 1820, and the Compromise of 1850.

19. LINCOLN’S INAUGURATION
On March 4, 1861, Abraham Lincoln took the oath of office as the 16th President of the United States. This engraving of Lincoln riding with outgoing President James Buchanan on his way to take the oath appeared in Harper’s Weekly shortly after the inauguration.
However, the smiles and cheers masked a growing apprehension that the only recourse to settling the secession issue would be war. However, Lincoln, as demonstrated in the quote shown above, attempted to avoid conflict by telling the Confederacy that if there was to be a war, the South would start it. In closing his speech, he noted a hope that north and south could reconcile:
“Though passion may have strained it must not break our bonds of affection. The mystic chords of memory, stretching from every battlefield and patriot grave to every living heart and hearthstone all over this broad land, will yet swell the chorus of the Union, when again touched, as surely they will be, by the better angels of our nature.”
“IN YOUR HANDS, MY DISSATISFIED FELLOW-COUNTRYMEN, AND NOT IN MINE, IS THE MOMENTOUS ISSUE OF CIVIL WAR. THE GOVERNMENT WILL NOT ASSAIL YOU. YOU CAN HAVE NO CONFLICT WITHOUT BEING YOURSELVES THE AGGRESSORS. YOU HAVE NO OATH REGISTERED IN HEAVEN TO DESTROY THE GOVERNMENT, WHILE I SHALL HAVE THE MOST SOLEMN ONE TO "PRESERVE, PROTECT, AND DEFEND IT."  I AM LOATH TO CLOSE. WE ARE NOT ENEMIES, BUT FRIENDS. WE MUST NOT BE ENEMIES.”

20. ABOLITIONISTS PUSHED LINCOLN TO FREE THE SLAVES
MANY PROMINENT NORTHERNERS, LIKE DOUGLASS AND GREELEY, BEGAN TO CALL FOR ABOLITION OF SLAVERY.
LINCOLN RESISTED BECAUSE HE FEARED THE BORDER STATES WOULD SECEDE.
SEWARD SUGGESTED TO WAIT FOR A MAJOR VICTORY BEFORE ANNOUNCING EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION.
FREDERICK DOUGLASS
HORACE GREELEY
By mid-1862, many prominent Americans, including Frederick Douglass and Horace Greeley began to speak out publicly that slavery was the main root cause of the Civil War, and urging Lincoln to free the slaves. However, Lincoln was not prepared to do so, on account that to free the slaves might cause the border states to secede. Lincoln noted:
My paramount object in this struggle is to save the Union, and is NOT to save or destroy slavery. If I could save the Union without freeing ANY slave I would do it; if I could save it by freeing ALL the slaves, I would do it; and if I could save it by freeing some and leaving others alone, I would also do that.
Lincoln had already considered that freeing slaves in “territories in rebellion” was the best course, but there was another problem. Secretary of State Seward suggested that should Lincoln announce the “Emancipation Proclamation” while the Union Army was reeling from Confederate victories would look like a last desperate attempt at victory. Therefore, Lincoln needed to wait until there was a legitimate Union victory in order to announce. Then, the emancipation would appear to be a generous gesture.
SECRETARY OF STATE WILLIAM H. SEWARD
PRESIDENT LINCOLN

21. THE EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION
LINCOLN ISSUED THE PROCLAMATION FIVE DAYS AFTER ANTIETAM
“ON THE FIRST DAY OF JANUARY, IN THE YEAR OF OUR LORD 1863, ALL PERSONS HELD AS SLAVES WITHIN ANY STATE, OR DESIGNATED PART OF A STATE, THE PEOPLE WHEREOF SHALL BE THEN IN REBELLION AGAINST THE UNITED STATES, SHALL BE THEN, THENCEFORTH, AND FOREVER FREE.”
HOWEVER, THE EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION DID NOT FREE MANY SLAVES. FOR EXAMPLE, THE BORDER SLAVE STATES STILL LOYAL TO THE UNION WERE NOT AFFECTED BECAUSE LINCOLN WAS CONCERNED THAT THESE STATES MIGHT SECEDE IF HE FREED THEIR SLAVES. ALSO, THE PROCLAMATION OBVIOUSLY DID NOT HAVE ANY EFFECT IN THE CONFEDERACY.
IT WAS NOT UNTIL THE THIRTEENTH AMENDMENT, PASSED SHORTLY BEFORE THE END OF THE CIVIL WAR, THAT ALL SLAVES WERE GIVEN THEIR FREEDOM.

22. THREE MAJOR EFFECTS OF THE EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION
“UNION IN THE NORTH” MANY NORTHERNERS SUFFERED A LOSS OF MORALE AFTER THE LARGE NUMBER OF CASUALTIES IN BATTLE AND STRING OF DEFEATS SUFFERED BY THE UNION ARMY. THE PROCLAMATION GAVE THE NORTH ANOTHER “CAUSE” TO FIGHT FOR, SOMETHING MORE THAN LINCOLN’S ORIGINAL GOAL OF PRESERVING THE UNION.
2. “DISUNION IN THE SOUTH” THE CONFEDERACY RELIED ON SLAVE LABOR TO MAINTAIN ITS FARMS AS WHITE MALES WENT TO FIGHT IN THE WAR. AS SLAVES HEARD ABOUT LINCOLN’S ACTION, MANY DESERTED THEIR PLANTATIONS WHEN THE UNION ARMY DREW NEAR, WHICH HURT THE SOUTHERN ECONOMY AND FORCED SOME MEN TO REMAIN AT HOME RATHER THAN FIGHT.
3. “KEPT BRITAIN OUT OF THE WAR” THE BRITISH MADE SEVERAL GESTURES TO THE CONFEDERACY, TO GET SOUTHERN COTTON GROWERS TO SELL THEM THE FIBER FOR THEIR TEXTILE MILLS. HOWEVER, SINCE BRITAIN HAD RECENTLY ABOLISHED SLAVERY IN THE WHOLE OF THE BRITISH EMPIRE IT WAS IMPOSSIBLE TO SUPPORT A PEOPLE WHOSE CONSTITUTION PROTECTED SLAVERY.

23. GETTYSBURG ADDRESS NOVEMBER 19, 1863
President Abraham Lincoln is seen in the middle of this picture during the ceremony commemorating the July, 1863 battle and dedicating the new National Cemetery. This is the only known photo of Lincoln at Gettysburg.

24. THE CEMETERY CONTAINED 17 ACRES OF LAND
PENNSYLVANIA GOVERNOR CURTIN INVITED LINCOLN TO THE CEMETERY DEDICATION
THE CEMETERY CONTAINED 17 ACRES OF LAND
LINCOLN WAS INVITED TO GIVE A “FEW APPROPRIATE REMARKS” AS CHIEF EXECUTIVE.
LINCOLN PROBABLY ACCEPTED THE INVITATION AS AN OPPORTUNITY TO EXPLAIN HIS VIEW OF THE WAR AS A STRUGGLE TO GAIN EQUALITY AS WELL AS A STRUGGLE TO SAVE THE UNION.

25. THE ELECTION OF 1864
CARTOON DEPICTS LINCOLN ON THE LEFT SAYING, “NO PEACE WITHOUT ABOLITION”, DAVIS ON THE RIGHT, “NO PEACE WITHOUT SEPARATION”, AND MCCLELLAN IN THE CENTER, “THE UNION MUST BE PRESERVED OF ALL HAZARDS”.

26. THE CANDIDATES
THE DEMOCRATS NOMINATED GENERAL GEORGE MCCLELLAN AS A “PEACE” CANDIDATE. HE SELECTED GEORGE HUNT PENDLETON AS HIS VICE-PRESIDENTIAL CANDIDATE.
LINCOLN RAN ON A PLATFORM OF “DON’T CHANGE HORSES IN MIDSTREAM”. HE WAS OBVIOUSLY HELPED BY TWO FACTORS, SHERMAN’S SUCCESSFUL CAMPAIGN IN GEORGIA, AND THE ABSENCE OF THE SOUTHERN STATES FROM THE ELECTORAL MIX. IF THOSE STATES HAD BEEN IN THE ELECTION, THEY WOULD HAVE LIKELY VOTED FOR MCCLELLAN.
ABRAHAM LINCOLN
GEORGE MCCLELLAN
In the 1864 election, the Republicans, now calling themselves the “National Union Party”, re-nominated Lincoln for a second term, although General Ulysses S. Grant received a few delegate votes.
As his running mate, Lincoln selected pro-Union Tennessee Senator Andrew Johnson as a measure of conciliation to the South.
The Democrats nominated General George McClellan as a “peace” candidate. He selected George Hunt Pendleton as his vice-presidential candidate.
Lincoln ran on a platform of “don’t change horses in midstream”. He was obviously helped by two factors, Sherman’s successful campaign in Georgia, and the absence of the southern states from the electoral mix. If those states had been in play in the election, they would have likely voted for McClellan.
ANDREW JOHNSON
GEORGE PENDLETON

27. LINCOLN WAS REELECTED
During the summer of 1864, Lincoln was sure he would not win re-election to a second term as president. “I am going to be beaten, and unless some great change takes place, badly beaten,” he told a friend. However, Sherman’s victories in the late summer and fall turned the tide.
The 1864 election was also the first presidential election in US History that took place in wartime. Nineteen northern states allowed for soldiers to vote in the field, and they voted overwhelmingly Republican.
Lincoln won a landslide victory in the electoral college, He also carried 55% of the popular vote, and looked forward to a second term in which he would work to restore the southern states to the Union.

28. PRESIDENT ABRAHAM LINCOLN’S SECOND INAUGURAL ADDRESS, MARCH 4, 1865.
 WITH MALICE TOWARD NONE, WITH CHARITY FOR ALL, WITH FIRMNESS IN THE RIGHT AS GOD GIVES US TO SEE THE RIGHT, LET US STRIVE ON TO FINISH THE WORK WE ARE IN, TO BIND UP THE NATION'S WOUNDS, TO CARE FOR HIM WHO SHALL HAVE BORNE THE BATTLE AND FOR HIS WIDOW AND HIS ORPHAN, TO DO ALL WHICH MAY ACHIEVE AND CHERISH A JUST AND LASTING PEACE AMONG OURSELVES AND WITH ALL NATIONS ABRAHAM LINCOLN
Although this picture does not show him clearly, John Wilkes Booth, who would assassinate Lincoln approximately a month later, is supposedly behind the iron railing above Lincoln. Five of the conspirators in the assassination of the president can be found directly below him.

29. GENERAL LEE SURRENDERED TO GENERAL GRANT IN THE TOWN OF APPOMATTOX COURT HOUSE, APRIL 9, 1865