1. Senate department for urban development Unit IX D: air pollution and noise control, M. Lutz Integrating particulate matter Integrating particulate matter:  enhanced importance for covering the urban scale Martin Lutz Senate Department of Urban Development, Berlin Directorate IX: environment policy Unit D: air pollution and noise control

2. Senate department for urban development Unit IX D: air pollution and noise control, M. Lutz Dispersion/ transformationPollutionSectorEmission assessment of air pollution dispersion model Industry Transport Agriculture private nature dispersion model local urban background regional background

3. Senate department for urban development Unit IX D: air pollution and noise control, M. Lutz Sourceapportionment  summary table Source apportionment  summary table

4. Senate department for urban development Unit IX D: air pollution and noise control, M. Lutz Source apportionment  summary of results 0about 50% of urban background PM 10 or more than 1/3 of total PM 10 at traffic sites consists of secondary aerosol, which is a large-scale problem 0another 1/3 of total PM 10 at traffic sites can be attributed to local traffic sources 0tyre abrasion and resuspension by vehicles amounts to more than half of the total PM 10 emissions of the transport sector 0PM 10 emissions by construction amount to more than 5% of urban background PM

5. Senate department for urban development Unit IX D: air pollution and noise control, M. Lutz Origin of fine particle concentrations (PM10) measured on a busy traffic spot

6. Senate department for urban development Unit IX D: air pollution and noise control, M. Lutz Episode of high PM10 concentrations in the whole Greater Berlin area

7. Senate department for urban development Unit IX D: air pollution and noise control, M. Lutz Backward Trajectories (2)

8. Senate department for urban development Unit IX D: air pollution and noise control, M. Lutz Backward Trajectories (1)

9. Senate department for urban development Unit IX D: air pollution and noise control, M. Lutz Particle concentration depending on the wind direction Senate department of urban development Unit IX D: air pollution and noise control, M. Lutz

10. Senate department for urban development Unit IX D: air pollution and noise control, M. Lutz

11. Senate department for urban development Unit IX D: air pollution and noise control, M. Lutz European control strategy for PM  problems PM differs from ozone and acidification... large-scale local-scale.PM is a more equal mix of large-scale und local-scale origin accumulatesurban areas.PM accumulates in urban areas attained kerbside.PM - limit values must be attained also at the kerbside cover urban *underlying approach has to cover the special characteristic of PM pollution in urban agglomerations degree ofdetail *requires a higher degree of detail concerning models and data

12. Senate department for urban development Unit IX D: air pollution and noise control, M. Lutz Deriving emission ceilings Abatement measures & costs per country and sector Optimization Information on receptors, like sensitivity of ecosystems, (“critical loads”) health-related indicators (e.g. PM ?? ) Emissions per sector and grid Source - receptor relations for ozone & secondary PM formation, acid & N deposition, and long - range transport of pollutants (Grid specific) environmental targets for acidification, eutro- phication, ozone, PM Cost-effective allocation of emission ceilings among countries IIASA

13. Senate department for urban development Unit IX D: air pollution and noise control, M. Lutz Regional Regional models, nested with.....  improved European emission inventory for primary PM, ammonia and VOC, incl. natural sources  improved moduls for secondary PM formation, including organic aerosol urban urban models for selected urban areas  more detailed emission inventory (size, components)  reliable algorithms for resuspension integrated assessment for integration in integrated assessment models  control measures & costs for primary and secondary PM, ozone, acidification and eutrophication street street canyon models hot spot analysis  details on vehicle fleet, resuspension, non-pipe emissions Source-receptor-relationship  needs

14. Senate department for urban development Unit IX D: air pollution and noise control, M. Lutz PM-strategy development  tasks concerning the urban scale modelling modelling:  Project on validation (with measured data) and comparison of models for selected urban areas extension of integrated assessment models extension of integrated assessment models :  source-receptor-relationships for PM, including the urban scale (Further)-development of data (Further)-development of data  energy scenarios, emissions, control measures and potential, [economic measures], costs..... development of urban and regional control scenarios development of urban and regional control scenarios  link to the control of other pollutants like NO2, benzene and ozone (southern Europe)  selection of environmental objectives with a range of ambitions

15. Senate department for urban development Unit IX D: air pollution and noise control, M. Lutz PM-strategy development  offer by Germany & Berlin (i) with empasis to covering the urban scale.... Dispersion modelling Dispersion modelling:  R&D Project by UBA on the development of a model system (PM, ozone, acidification) covering the regional and urban scale; the urban scale will be tested for the Greater Berlin area and eventually applied on other urban areas  similar R&D project by Northrhein-Westfalia based on the EURAD model system  experience in applying street canyon models extension of integrated assessment models extension of integrated assessment models:  offer multi-year source-receptor-relationships for PM, including the urban scale development of urban and regional control scenarios development of urban and regional control scenarios

16. Senate department for urban development Unit IX D: air pollution and noise control, M. Lutz PM-strategy development  offer by Germany & Berlin (ii) with emphasis to covering the urban scale.... PM pollution data PM pollution data  dense routine monitoring network with continuous measurements (PM10, EC, etc.), plus routine analyses of PM components (for PM10, PM2.5, PM1.0 samples)  planned project to generate a complete annual data set of major PM10 components for local traffic, urban background and regional background, including the vertical dimension (PM sampling 320m above ground, lidar measurements) input data input data  energy scenarios, emissions, control measures and potential, [costs ?] for the urban scale  data on resuspension of PM, source apportionment

17. Senate department for urban development Unit IX D: air pollution and noise control, M. Lutz Control measures already on the way 4National Emission Ceilings 4cleaner vehicles (Dir 98/69) 4cleaner fuels (Dir 98/70) 4particle filter for all public buses 4further substitution of coal by gas, oil and district-heating total: needed: ~ 2% ~ 5% ~ 3% ~ 2 % ~14% ~25% Expected total PM 10 reduction by 2005

18. Senate department for urban development Unit IX D: air pollution and noise control, M. Lutz Control measures  possible further actions *accelerated turnover of car fleet  tax incentives for EURO III-V  gas-driven vehicles in captured fleets (taxis, driving schools, refuse collection,...) *full supply of sulfur free diesel *no more coal heating *strong reduction (50%) of PM emission by construction *reduction (50%) of resuspension in main roads ~ ?% ~ 3% ~ 2% ~ 3% ~ 7% Expected total PM 10 reduction by 2005

19. Senate department for urban development Unit IX D: air pollution and noise control, M. Lutz What’s important for CAFE/protocol review ?  from an urban perspective (i) *Integrateparticles problemin EU-strategy *Integrate the particles problem in the existing EU-strategy on ozone, acidification and eutrophication (i.e we need to tackle the transboundary aspect of the PM-problem) *cities “binding grids”for PM *cities are the “binding grids” for PM-pollution  need for data on the specific pollution in cities, its sources and the control potentials  need for scenario tools which cover the specific characteristics of the pollution in major cities *incorporate the urban scale *incorporate the urban scale into the approach underpinning the national emission ceilings

20. Senate department for urban development Unit IX D: air pollution and noise control, M. Lutz What’s important for CAFE/protocol review ?  from an urban perspective (ii)...with the aim of additional means of curbing emissions *identifying and implementing additional means (BAT and non-technical) of curbing emissions consistency *ensuring consistency between environmental objectives 7the environmental objectives set in the next generation of air quality legislation (e.g. on PM) and emission controlEU level 7the emission control efforts on EU level & urban level 7the emission control actions applicable on the national & urban level

21. Senate department for urban development Unit IX D: air pollution and noise control, M. Lutz What’s important for CAFE/protocol review ?  from an urban perspective (iii) balance...with the aim of arriving at a fair and cost-efficient balance between... large-scale.the efforts to control of large-scale PM- background pollution and... local sources.the effort to reduce the share of local sources