1. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Sociology Eleventh Edition Richard T. Schaefer Chapter 16: Education

2. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Slide 2 Education  Sociological Perspectives on Education Sociological Perspectives on Education  Schools as Formal Organizations Schools as Formal Organizations  Social Policy and Education: No Child Left Behind Act Social Policy and Education: No Child Left Behind Act

3. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Slide 3 Sociological Perspectives on Education  Education: process of socialization that occurs when some consciously teach while others adopt the role of learner  Education prepares citizens for roles demanded by other social institutions People over 25 with high school diploma increased from 41% in 1960 to more than 85% in 2004 People over 25 with a college degree rose from 8% in 1960 to about 28% in 2004

4. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Slide 4 Figure 16-1: Percentage of Adults Ages 25 to 64 Who Have Completed Higher Education (B.A./B.S.) Source: Data for 2002 and 2003 released in Bureau of the Census 2006a:843.

5. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Slide 5 Functionalist View  Manifest functions Transmission of knowledge Bestowal of status  Latent functions Transmitting culture Promoting social and political integration Maintaining social control Serving as agent of change

6. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Slide 6 Functionalist View  Transmitting Culture Exposing young people to the existing beliefs, norms, and values of their culture  Promoting Social and Political Integration Common identity and social integration fostered by education contribute to societal stability and consensus

7. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Slide 7 Functionalist View  Maintaining social control Punctuality, discipline, scheduling, and responsible work habits How to operate in a bureaucratic organization  Serving as agent of change Changes in curriculum Meeting ground where people can share beliefs and traditions

8. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Slide 8 Conflict View  Education is an instrument of elite domination Socializes students into values dictated by the powerful  Hidden Curriculum: standards of behavior deemed proper by society taught subtly in schools  Credentialism: increase in lowest level of education needed to enter a field

9. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Slide 9 Conflict View  Bestowal of Status Schools tend to preserve social class inequalities in each new generation Tracking: placing students in curriculum groups on basis of test scores and other criteria Correspondence Principle: schools promote values expected of individuals in each social class and perpetuate social class divisions

10. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Slide 10 Feminist View  Treatment of Women in Education U.S educational system long characterized by discriminatory treatment of women In 20th century, sexism in education included  Stereotypes in textbooks  Pressure to study traditional women’s subjects  Unequal funding for athletic programs  Employment bias for administrators and teachers

11. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Slide 11 Feminist View  Treatment of Women in Education Women have made great strides in proportion who continue schooling Men’s aggressiveness may predispose them to undervalue higher education

12. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Slide 12 Interactionist View  Labeling approach suggest that if we treat people in particular ways, they may fulfill our expectations  Teacher-expectancy effect: impact of teacher expectations and their large role on student performance

13. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Slide 13 Table 16-1: Sociological Perspectives on Education

14. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Slide 14 Taking Sociology to Work  Ray Zapata – Business Owner and Former Regent, Texas State University How does an open admissions policy benefit society? In what ways do the elderly benefit from education?

15. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Slide 15 Sociology on Campus  16-1: The Debate Over Title IX Has Title IX had an effect on you personally?  Do you think the increase in women’s participation in sports has been good for society as a whole? Are the negative social effects of men’s sports evident on your campus?  If so, what changes would you recommend to address the problem?

16. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Slide 16 Bureaucratization of Schools  Weber noted five characteristics of bureaucracy Division of labor Hierarchy of authority Written rules and regulations Impersonality Employment based on technical qualifications

17. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Slide 17 Bureaucratization of Schools  Functionalists: generally take positive view of bureaucratization of education  Conflict theorists: centralized education harmful for disadvantaged people  Countertrends Some parents argue for school choice programs Internet and online curricula

18. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Slide 18 Teachers: Employees and Instructors  Teachers’ academic assignments have become more specialized Still must control social order 40% to 50% quit within 5 years Status of any job reflects level of education required, financial compensation, and respect given the occupation

19. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Slide 19 Student Subcultures  Student subculture complex and diverse Close knit and often rigidly segregated cliques in high school Diversity of student groups at college level  Collegiate subculture: focuses on having fun and socializing  Academic: identifies with intellectual concerns  Vocational: interested primarily in career prospects  Nonconformist: hostile to college environment

20. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Slide 20 Homeschooling  More than 2 million children, about 4% of K-12 population, taught at home Some theorists cite lack of social involvement as problem with homeschooling Proponents argue homeschooling good alternative for children with ADHD and LD Lacks universal uniform standards from state to state Research shows homeschooled children score higher on standardized tests

21. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Slide 21 Figure 16-2: Average Salary for Teachers Source: American Federation of Teachers 2007.

22. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Slide 22 Figure 16-3: Public High School Graduates by Race and Ethnicity, 2014 (projected) Source: Western Interstate Commission for Higher Education 2003.

23. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Slide 23 Research in Action  16-2: Violence in the Schools Has a shooting or other violent episode ever occurred at your school?  If so, how did students react?  Do you feel safer at school than at home, as experts say you are? What steps have administrators at your school taken to prevent violence?  Have they been effective, or should other steps be taken?

24. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Slide 24 No Child Left Behind Program  The Issue Too many public schools in U.S. were failing to educate their students In 2001, No Child Left Behind (NCLB) enacted by Congress  Supporters charged the act not enforced stringently enough  Opponents felt the legislation went too far

25. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Slide 25 No Child Left Behind Program  The Setting Schools in U.S. locally run and financed with some federal and state aid  National educational standards established in 1990s NCLB built on national standards and set penalties for failure to meet standards  Every student to be proficient in reading and mathematics by 2014  Debate about how best to offer high-quality schooling to all children

26. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Slide 26 No Child Left Behind Program  Sociological Policy Objectives of common curricular promotes social integration Testing is controversial  Validity: the degree to which a scale or measure truly reflects the phenomenon under study  Reliability: extent to which a measure provides consistent results

27. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Slide 27 No Child Left Behind Program  Policy Initiatives Educational reformers have yet to find solution that fits all schools in all states Independent commission advocated maintaining 2014 goals even though only small portion of nation’s schools would reach objectives (1997)