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Copyright 2006 Thomson Corporation 1 Citation Analysis: Some Historical, Sociological And Philosophical Considerations Henry Small, Chief Scientist and Director Nancy Bayers, Manager Research Services Group Thomson Scientific Colloque de l’Académie des Sciences, 14-15 Mai 2007 Evaluation des Publications Scientifiques
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Copyright 2006 Thomson Corporation 2 Reference or Citation? reference citation “It is impossible to separate them without losing the rays of light that they send back one to the other” (17 th author)
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Copyright 2006 Thomson Corporation 3 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 The Web of Science Story Science Citation Index SciSearch Social Sciences Citation Index SCI-CD ISI Web of Knowledge Century of Science Arts & Humanities Citation Index Web of Science: v3 v4 v5 v6 v7
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Copyright 2006 Thomson Corporation 4 Authors referenced in works of Aristotle AuthorReferences Aristotle121 Plato120 Homer100 Empedocles97 Anaxagoras64 Democritus55 Euripides51 Socrates43 Pythagoras39
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Copyright 2006 Thomson Corporation 5 17 th Century – Newton and the Principia 100 references to 50 authors Philosophical Transactions – the changing nature of citations embedded references footnotes endnotes 18 th Century – Lavoisier and the Traité 160 references to 60 authors Darwin and the Origin 750 references to books and articles
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Copyright 2006 Thomson Corporation 6 Authors referenced by Einstein 1902 - 1909 AuthorReferences Einstein32 Planck15 Boltzmann4 Lenard4 Stark4 Kirchhoff4 Lorentz4
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Copyright 2006 Thomson Corporation 7
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8 2005 2004 2003 Impact Factor All Previous Years 2006 Immediacy Index Cited ½ Life Source paper – published in 2005 Cited reference – to item published in 2005 Cited reference to item – published in 2003 or 2004 Citations
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Copyright 2006 Thomson Corporation 9 Percent of mean citations accounted for by top papers
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Copyright 2006 Thomson Corporation 10 Individual paper metrics 69 Cites: Total citation count for selected paper. 225 Cites2: 2nd generation cite count based on total citations received by the citing articles. 8.3 Expected Citation Rate: An average rate of citation for all the papers of that document type (articles, reviews, letters, etc.), in that journal, for that selected year. A journal-level metric. 8 Ratio: Ratio of expected to actual cites Earth Sciences: Field: Subject area for the journal in which the paper appeared. 0.229%: Percentile position of the paper based on citations in the same field. A field-level metric.
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Copyright 2006 Thomson Corporation 11 Group of papers metrics: Iceland National Citation Report 2330 Total # papers and total # cites: combined numbers for the set 4.6 Mean times cited: Total cites divided by total papers. 1 Median times cited: Midpoint for citations 41 H-Index: Number of papers (N) in a given dataset having N or more citations. 1.3 C-Index: Sum of all actual citations divided by sum of all expected citations. 57.4 Average Percentile: average of the field percentile measures which are based on field and year of publication 0.03 Disciplinarity: reflects the level of multidisciplinarity in a set of papers, ranging from 0 to 1, where the lower the number, the greater the multidisciplinarity. (Herfindal Index)
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Copyright 2006 Thomson Corporation 12 Identifying Research Fronts by Co-citation Links 123 citing paper co-cited papers citation
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Copyright 2006 Thomson Corporation 13 2004 cluster of organic thin film transistors rubrene single crystals ink jet printing, displays pentacene thiophenes n-type
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Copyright 2006 Thomson Corporation 14 Unity of science? Pathway from social science to astrophysics Source: H. Small, A passage through science, Library Trends, 1999.
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Copyright 2006 Thomson Corporation 15 URLs www.in-cites.com www.esi-topics.com www.sciencewatch.com
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Merci! Henry Small henry.small@thomson.com Nancy K. Bayers nancy.bayers@thomson.com henry.small@thomson.com nancy.bayers@thomson.com
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