1. About Math and related topics About Math 1

2. The Unreasonable Effectiveness The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Mathematics in the Natural Sciences by Eugene Wigner About Math 2

3. Papers on Google Drive About Math 3

4. Effectiveness of Mathematics Mathematical concepts turn up in entirely unexpected settings Often permit very close and accurate descriptions of phenomena We are limited because we don’t know why mathematics works and whether it is unique About Math 4

5. Mysterious Usefulness Usefulness borders on the uncanny We have no rational explanation Raises the question of uniqueness of physical theories About Math 5

6. What is Mathematics Elementary concepts clearly evolved in connection with entities in the actual world. counting, arithmetic calculus (?) More abstract concepts were devised to be interesting to mathematicians, not to mimic reality. Yet they very often do. About Math 6

7. What is Mathematics Examples abstract geometry: General Relativity analysis: calculus group theory: Eightfold Way Amazing that Darwin’s natural selection brought human reasoning power to it’s current high level. About Math 7

8. What is Mathematics… Consider complex numbers: No analog in reality Basis for a large field in theory of equations, power series, and analytic functions. Very valuable in classical physics Essential to quantum mechanics Crucial in engineering About Math 8

9. What is Mathematics… Do mathematical entities have some sort of reality separate from the human mind? Would an alien species have the same mathematics that we have? Are mathematical concepts somehow linked to human evolution? About Math 9

10. What is Physics? Schrodinger: a miracle that we can discover regularities in real events Galileo’s dropped weights Invariance in space Results are true in Pisa and Tokyo Invariance in time Results are true in 1596 A.D. and 6000 B.C. Invariance under other externalities Doesn’t matter if it’s sunny or cloudy About Math 10

11. What is Physics? (cont.) If there were no phenomena which were independent of all but a manageably small set of conditions, physics would be impossible. It is not at all natural that “laws of nature” exist, much less that man is able to discover them. About Math 11

12. What is Physics? (cont.) Laws of nature incorporate only a small part of our knowledge of reality. They do not include information about the existence of bodies, initial conditions, etc. About Math 12

13. Mathematics in Physical Theories Evaluating the consequences of established theories is not the most important function of math – this is applied math serving as a tool. The laws of nature are written in the language of mathematics. Sometimes the appropriate mathematics is independently (re)discovered by the physicist. About Math 13

14. Math in Physics (cont.) Important to note that mathematics is developed to please the mathematician, not, usually, to fill a perceived need. Miraculous that abstract mathematics keeps cropping up in physics and that the human mind can follow long chains of complex reasoning. About Math 14

15. Math in Physics (cont.) Expressing crude experience in mathematical form remarkably often leads to an amazingly accurate description of a large class of phenomena. Suggests that mathematics is more than just a human convenience. Consider the example of planetary motion. About Math 15

16. Planetary Motion Newton considered freely falling objects and the Moon. Arrived at equations of motion and gravity. Newton verified gravity to about 4%. Theory has proved accurate to better than 0.0001%. Laws of motion are not obvious Second derivative is not a product of common sense About Math 16

17. Summary of Math in Physics Laws of nature based on abstract mathematical objects Proposed on the basis of crude measurements Lead to predictions of amazing accuracy Are very limited in scope Wigner calls these observations “the empirical law of epistemology.” an article of faith of the physicist About Math 17

18. Theories of Everything Will new theories include such externalities as initial conditions? Will disparate physical laws prove to be approximations of deeper underlying rules? Will some physical laws never be brought into a greater structure? About Math 18

19. General Relativity and Quantum Mechanics Currently no connection between these two important theories. Much effort, arguable progress, and wide belief that such a connection is possible. We should entertain the possibility that the connection will not, possibly cannot, ever be made. About Math 19

20. False Theories About Math 20

21. False Theories (cont.) Ptolemy’s epicycles About Math 21

22. Caution So long as we don’t know why mathematics works so wonderfully with physics, we cannot be certain that accuracy proves truth and consistency. About Math 22

23. Wigner’s Coda The miracle of the appropriateness of the language of mathematics for the formulation of the laws of physics is a wonderful gift which we neither understand nor deserve. About Math 23

24. About Math 24 Finis

25. We See What We Look For How might Galileo study falling bodies without doing an experiment? Think about when two bodies compose a single body Think about when one body comprises two bodies About Math 25