1. Doney (2010)
The Growing Human Footprint on Coastal
and Open-Ocean Biogeochemistry
Science 328, 1512

2. Fig. 1 Schematic of human impacts on ocean biogeochemistry either directly via fluxes of material into the ocean (colored arrows) or indirectly via climate change and altered ocean circulation (black arrows).
Schematic of human impacts on ocean biogeochemistry either directly via fluxes of material into the ocean (colored arrows) or indirectly via climate change and altered ocean circulation (black arrows). The gray arrows denote the interconnections among ocean biogeochemical dynamics. Note that many ocean processes are affected by multiple stressors, and the synergistic effects of human perturbations is a key area for further research.
S C Doney Science 2010;328:
Published by AAAS

3. ACC = Antarctic Circumpolar Current (55°S)
Westerly winds (50°S) above the ACC push cold
fresh surface waters away to the north and draw
up warmer, saltier water that is low in O2
and high in nutrients and CO2. Wind and ACC not
aligned. Stronger winds drive more upwelling.
The bands of westerly winds separate the
warm air in the tropics from the cold air over the
poles. Winds driven by mid-atmosphere temperature
gradients. With warming these winds are shifting
poleward to be more aligned with the ACC.
Stratospheric ozone influences the temperature gradient.
Removing O3 causes cooling.
Toggweiler and Russell (2008) Nature 451, 286

4. hwww.youtube.comttp:///watch?v=H2mZyCblxS4

5. Fig. 2 Time series of (top) atmospheric CO2 and surface ocean pCO2 and (bottom) surface ocean pH at the atmospheric Mauna Loa Observatory (MLO) on the island of Hawai‘i and Station ALOHA in the subtropical North Pacific north of Hawai‘i, 1988–2008.
Time series of (top) atmospheric CO2 and surface ocean pCO2 and (bottom) surface ocean pH at the atmospheric Mauna Loa Observatory (MLO) on the island of Hawai‘i and Station ALOHA in the subtropical North Pacific north of Hawai‘i, 1988–2008. [Adapted from (26)]
S C Doney Science 2010;328:
Published by AAAS

6. Ocean Acidification at BATS
(Bermuda Atlantic Time Series)

7. Coastal Upwelling
Feely et al (2008)

8. Fig. 3 Model estimated deposition fluxes of anthropogenic reactive nitrogen (mol N m−2 year−1) to the ocean surface for oxidized forms (NOy), primarily from fossil fuel combustion sources, and reduced forms (NHx) primarily from agricultural sources.
Model estimated deposition fluxes of anthropogenic reactive nitrogen (mol N m−2 year−1) to the ocean surface for oxidized forms (NOy), primarily from fossil fuel combustion sources, and reduced forms (NHx) primarily from agricultural sources. [Adapted from (30)]
Haber Process
N2 + 3H2  2 NH3
At 200 atm and 300°C
H2 from CH4
S C Doney Science 2010;328:
Published by AAAS

9. Changing Ocean Chemistry (and Biology)
N* = N – RN:P x P
Kim et al (2011) Science 334,

10. DT = 10 years DAOU  DO2  Hypoxia O2 < 60 mmol kg-1
Fig. 4 Decadal change in subsurface O2 from 1994 to 2004 along 30°N in the North Pacific with positive values indicating an increase in apparent oxygen utilization (AOU) and a decline in O2 (μmol kg−1); contour plot is overlaid by mixed-layer depths (green line) and potential density surfaces (pink) (48).
Decadal change in subsurface O2 from 1994 to 2004 along 30°N in the North Pacific with positive values indicating an increase in apparent oxygen utilization (AOU) and a decline in O2 (μmol kg−1); contour plot is overlaid by mixed-layer depths (green line) and potential density surfaces (pink) (48). The large AOU increase on the 26.6 potential density anomaly surface (purple line) is a combination of a decadal-time-scale ventilation cycle in the North Pacific and a smaller deoxygenation trend estimated to be about 5 μmol kg−1 decade−1) (48, 49). CLIVAR, Climate Variability and Predictability Program; WOCE, World Ocean Circulation Experiment.
DT = 10 years DAOU  DO2 
S C Doney Science 2010;328:
Hypoxia O2 < 60 mmol kg-1
< 5 mmol kg-1
Published by AAAS

11. Pb in the North Atlantic at Bermuda (coral and water data)
From Kelly et al (2009) EPSL 283, 93