1. Chapter 2: Fresh Water To create your title page preview: Section 1: Streams and Rivers (42) Section 3: Wetland Environments (59) Section 5: Water Underground (68) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uAsV5-Hv-7U

2. Section 1: Streams and Rivers Page 42 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uAsV5-Hv-7U

3. How do rivers begin? Rivers begin when trickles of water run over the ground and join together in larger streams. The water follows the slope of the land.

4. What happens to rain that falls to Earth? 1.some evaporates immediately 2.some soaks into the soil 3.the remaining water flows over the ground surface (runoff)

5. Runoff Runoff is water that flows over the ground surface rather than soaking into the ground. Runoff can come from rain or melting ice and snow.

6. 3 factors that influence water soaking in or becoming runoff… One: nature of the ground surface The amount of space between the particles that make up the ground cover.  soil vs. pavement?  plants vs. bare soil?

7. 3 factors that influence water soaking in or becoming runoff… Two: rate of rainfall The ground can only absorb so much rain during a heavy downpour. What can’t soak into the ground becomes runoff.

8. 3 factors that influence water soaking in or becoming runoff… Three: slope of the land: flat or hilly Force of gravity pulls water downhill. Water flows faster down a steep slope than over flat ground. Fast water runs off instead of soaking in; this is how a river begins.

9. River Systems Define the following words using pages 44-45 in your text:  tributary  river system  watershed  divide Add these words to your WWK list on page #55.

10. How do rivers shape the land? Rivers wear away landforms through erosion and build new landforms through deposition. With erosion, sediment is carried away. Soil and rock are left behind with deposition.

11. Sediment The particles of rock and soil that are picked up and moved by erosion and deposition are called sediments. Add these words to your list on page #55:  erosion  deposition  sediment

12. How fast is that river? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y4xQnLEskbM A river’s speed affects its ability to wear away, or erode, the land. Faster water flow has more energy. Factors affecting the speed of a river Steepness of slope Volume of water Shape of channel

13. Profile of a River We are going to take a journey down a river from its headwaters to its mouth. As we travel, the speed and volume of the water will change and also the shape of the river. Each part of the river forms a different habitat for living things.

14. Profile of a River Our trip starts in the mountains. The many small streams that come together at the source of the river are the headwaters. Water is moving fast and picking up sediment as it flows. Erosion continues and the channel gets wider and deeper.

15. Profile of a River We are starting to move downriver. Some smaller streams have joined our river, increasing the volume of water. It is less steep and smoother but we are continuing to move swiftly (less friction).

16. Profile of a River Next, the river meanders through the middle of its flood plain. In the flat land of the flood plain, the river’s speed is determined by its volume. The broad, flat valley through which the river flows is called the flood plain.

17. Profile of a River Do you see the crescent shaped lakes? Small obstacles can create a slight bend in the river causing erosion and deposition to occur. This process gradually forms looping curves in the river called meanders.

18. Profile of a River Back to the lakes, see them? After the river has meandered for many years, the river may eventually break through the ends of the meander forming a new channel. The crescent-shaped, cutoff body of water that remains is an oxbow lake. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4qKS_Nk7UmY https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8a3r-cG8Wic

19. Profile of a River Our trip is nearly over as we approach the mouth. At its mouth, the river slows down and deposits the sediments it carries. The mouth is the point where a river flows into another body of water – a larger river, a lake, or an ocean.

20. Profile of a River As the river is slowing down, it deposits most of its sediments. These deposits at the river’s mouth build up, forming an area called a delta. The sediments are rich in nutrients and minerals. A great place to farm!

21. Words Worth Knowing Add these words to page #55 Headwaters Flood plain Meanders Oxbow lake Mouth Delta

22. When does a flood occur? A flood occurs when the volume of water in a river increases so much that the river overflows its channel. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RNd e3bnXaVM https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RNd e3bnXaVM

23. Fear or welcome a flood? Yippee flood! Deposition leaves a layer of nutrient rich sediment behind. Boo flood! Destroy farms and crops Destroy homes Loss of electricity, transportation, clean water Injury or death of people and livestock

24. How can we control floods? Build a dam – a barrier across a river that may redirect the flow of a river to other channels OR store the water in an artificial lake. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oD4QHkN57FM https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oD4QHkN57FM Levees – can be natural or people made. People can build up a natural levee with sandbags. Add to your list on #55: dam and levee