1. Writing Abstracts

2.  A complete but concise description of your work يقدم وصفا كاملا وموجزا للبحث  It gives a brief overview of: introduction, methods & results and conclusions. يقدم نظرة موجزة عن موضوع البحث والمنهاجية المتبعة والنتائج وأهم الاستنتاجات.  It highlights the main points covered in the work يركز على أهم النقاط في البحث  It is supposed to “sell“ your work يوفر فرصة لتسويق البحث  Convice the reader/reviewer that it is interesting. يقنع القارئ أو المحكم بأن البحث مهم وشيق

3.  Title  Authors  Objectives/Research Questions: the problem or purpose of the research  Methods  Results/Intended Results – interesting results, the facts  Conclusions – what you think the results mean  Implications  Implications (What needs to be done? What does it all mean?

4. 1.What is the problem or question that my research addresses? ما مشكلة البحث؟ ما المسألة التي يناقشها؟ 2.Why is it important/interesting/useful? ما أهمية هذه الدراسة 3.How did I carry out the investigation? What was my methodology? ما هي المنهاجية التي اتبعتها؟ طرق البحث؟ 4.What did I find? What were my main findings? النتائج 5.What were my main conclusions? ما هي اهم الاستنتاجات 6.What are the implications of my findingS? ما هي مضامين البحث؟

5. BE AUDIENCE ORIENTED … Make your abstract 1.Short (100-300 words only) 2. Attractive ( make it clear why your paper is so important) بيّن لماذا دراستك ذات أهمية ؟ 3.Interesting ( tell your audience what you discovered) قدِّم الملخص بشكل شيق: أخبر القراء ما الذي اكتشفته!

6.  Use the past tense الزمن الماضي to refer to what was done and what was found at each stage of the research.  Use the present tense الزمن المضارع to comment on the significance of your research/findings.  Use active verbs whenever possible, e.g. ‘the study tested’ instead of ‘it was tested by the study’.

7. In this paper we analyse two Australian television programs, Marking Time (2003) and Molly & Mobarak (2004), foregrounding the ways in which ethnic Hazara refugees from Afghanistan have been (re)presented. We argue that by minimising cultural and religious differences both Marking Time and Molly & Mobarak construct and represent Hazara Afghan refugees as like a “certain us”, that is, as members of Australian core culture who are predominately white, family oriented and inclusivist. However, their differences are not concealed entirely and in both programs the Hazara also appear as the “other”, that is, unlike us. We point out some problems associated with privileging similarity and the possible consequences of these representations within policy making and Australian society more generally. Method Interesting Result Implications