1. Communications Technology and the Public Sphere

2. READING Habermas: “The Public Sphere: An Encyclopedia Article” (1964)‏ Enzensberger: “Constituents of a Theory of the Media” (1970)‏

3. writing printing literacy newspapers photography telegraph film radio tv computing internet/web read-write web

4. properties of media

5. hand-copied manuscript

6. high cost precious takes a long time to create may be altered or amended in the copying process

7. moveable type

8. lower cost more copies less precious – more access more likely to circulate quicker to create

9. moveable type “Freedom of the press belongs to the man who owns one.”

10. motion pictures

11. high expense one program - many viewers seats and screen immobile audience

12. motion pictures “turn off cell phones and refrain from conversation” one-to-many communication: school, church, movie house

13. video cheaper faster can be real-time

14. broadcast television limited channels cable television many channels – few owners

15. television a vast wasteland?

16. 1984 Mac Ad

17. Jurgen Habermas – b. 1929 Adorno, Horkheimer, Frankfurt School The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere pub 1962 “The Public Sphere: An Encyclopedia Article” (1964)‏

18. “Citizens behave as a public body when they confer in an unrestricted fashion – that is, with the guarantee of freedom of assembly and association and the freedom to express and publish their opinions - about matters of general interest.”

19. KEY TERMS: public sphere civil society communicative action Fourth Estate (clergy/nobility/commoners/press)‏ where... public opinion... can be formed establishing societal norms

20. Hans Magnus Enzensberger b 1929 “Constituents of a Theory of the Media” (1970)‏

21. Hans Magnus Enzensberger b 1929 “Constituents of a Theory of the Media” (1970)‏