1. Biological/Genetic/Evolutionary Perspective

2. Ancient Conceptions About Mind Plato correctly placed mind in the brain. However, his student Aristotle believed that mind was in the heart. Plato correctly placed mind in the brain. However, his student Aristotle believed that mind was in the heart. Aristotle posited body humors that controlled personality Aristotle posited body humors that controlled personality

3. Phrenology In 1800, Franz Gall suggested that bumps of the skull represented mental abilities. His theory, though incorrect, nevertheless proposed that different mental abilities were modular.

4. Body types Sheldon Sheldon Endomorph: plump (relaxed, social, complacent) Endomorph: plump (relaxed, social, complacent) Mesomorph: muscular (assertive, adventurous) Mesomorph: muscular (assertive, adventurous) Ectomorph: thin (reserved, anxious, uptight, self-conscious) Ectomorph: thin (reserved, anxious, uptight, self-conscious)

5. Ways into the “black box” ????? clinical observation clinical observation lesion/ablation studies lesion/ablation studies stimulation studies stimulation studies EEG EEG CT, MRI, fMRI CT, MRI, fMRI PET scans PET scans

6. Clinical Observation Clinical observations have shed light on a number of brain disorders. Alterations in brain morphology due to neurological and psychiatric diseases are now being catalogued.

7. EEG

8. MRI

10. Limbic System

11. CORTEX

12. Eysenck Introversion/Extroversion Introversion/Extroversion ARAS (Ascending Reticular Activating System) ARAS (Ascending Reticular Activating System) Extros: low Extros: low Intros: high Intros: high Geen (1984) study Geen (1984) study recent fMRI evidence recent fMRI evidence

13. BAS/BIS (Gray) BAS: “gas pedal” BAS: “gas pedal” reward/pleasure seeking reward/pleasure seeking left frontal cortex left frontal cortex dopaminergic dopaminergic BIS: “brake pedal” BIS: “brake pedal” inhibition, avoidance, caution inhibition, avoidance, caution right frontal cortex right frontal cortex serotonergic serotonergic

14. Brain Laterality (Davidson) Left brain/ Right brain (frontal lobes) Left brain/ Right brain (frontal lobes) Positive emotion states/Negative emotion states Positive emotion states/Negative emotion states Pleasure, Calm/Anxiety, Depression Pleasure, Calm/Anxiety, Depression e.g., “monk studies” e.g., “monk studies” neuroplasticity neuroplasticity

15. Hormones Testosterone: Testosterone: a. correlational research b. animal studies c. genetic abnormality Oxytocin “the love hormone” Oxytocin “the love hormone”

16. Neurotransmitters Dopamine: reward/pleasure system Dopamine: reward/pleasure system Serotonin: anxiety and depression Serotonin: anxiety and depression GABA: inhibitory (emotional stability) GABA: inhibitory (emotional stability) “The Edge Effect” ( Braverman) “The Edge Effect” ( Braverman) Psychopharmacology Psychopharmacology (Listening to Prozac) (Listening to Prozac) Implications??? Implications???