1. Endocrine System Hormones and the glands that send them

2. The Endocrine System Controls many body functions –exerts control by releasing special chemical substances into the blood called hormones –Hormones affect other endocrine glands or body systems Derives its name from the fact that various glands release hormones directly into the blood, which in turn transports the hormones to target tissues via ducts. Major Function – Control long term body processes like fluid balance, growth, and sexual development via chemical messengers called hormones

3. Endocrine System Overview Glands produce hormones Gland may be entire organ or interspersed bits of tissue Hormones are chemical messengers Target tissues are identified by receptors (receive signals sent by hormones)

4. Hormones- chemical messengers carried by blood- –May stimulate other glands –Regulate growth, development, metabolism, sex processes

5. Pituitary Gland Function: Controls the function of other glands and stimulates skeletal growth. “the master gland” Disorders: To much growth hormones (GH) in early childhood can result in a condition called gigantism. To little GH can result in Pituitary Dwarfism. Robert Wadlow 8ft 11 inches

6. The Endocrine System- Pituitary Gland Consists of several glands located in various parts of the body. Pituitary gland: a small gland located on a stalk hanging from the base of the brain - AKA “The Master Gland” –Primary function is to control other glands. –Produces many hormones. –Secretion is controlled by the hypothalamus in the base of the brain.

7. Pituitary gland Master gland of body Produces many hormones that affect other glands –thyroid stimulating hormone –Somatotropin- growth hormone –Lutenizing (LH)- causes ovulation –ICSH- causes testes to secrete testosterone –Melanocyte stimulating- distribution of melanin in skin –Antidiuretic Hormone- (ADH) water absorption in the kidneys

8. Giantism- oversecretion of somatotropin before puberty Dwarfism- undersecretion of somatotropin. Cause: tumor, injury, infection, genetics Diabetes insipidus- decreased ADH

9. Thyroid Gland Function: plays a major role in regulation the body’s metabolism. –Metabolism- the rate at which food is broken down and converted to energy. Disorders: If the Thyroid Gland produces to much Thyroxin, it can cause a condition known as Hyperthyroidism. If to little thyroxin produces it is called Hypothyroidism.

10. Thyroid- produces hormones that control metabolism and calcium in blood. Thyroid gland must have any source of iodine –goiter- not enough iodine –hyperthyroidism –hypothyroidism

11. Adrenal Gland Functions: -The adrenal glands release Adrenaline in the body that helps prepare for and deal with stress. -Also regulates kidney function.

12. Adrenal glands Located just above the kidney Secretes many hormones Epinephrine AKA Adrenaline Norepinephrine Adrenaline- Causes the heart to pump faster, blood vessels to constrict, and dilation of air passages. Fight or Flight response!

13. Thymus Gland Inside thoracic cavity immediately posterior to sternum above the heart Most active in infancy and childhood - Largest just before puberty Function: produces Thymosin – hormone that enhances lymphocyte production (important for immune system)

14. Pancreas- digestive function: pancreatic juices into the intestine to neutralize chyme Endocrine Function- secretes insulin- a hormone that takes glucose to the cells.

15. Pancreas Function: The Insulin and Glycogen in the Pancreas help to keep the level of glucose in the blood stable. Disorders: When the Pancreas fails to produce or properly use Insulin, it can cause a condition known as Diabetes Mellitus.

16. Diabetes Mellitus- Cause- decreased secretion of insulin Symptoms –Excessive thirst, excessive urination, hyperglycemia, slow healing of skin infections –Affects 21 million in US: 7% of population –Estimated 1/3 of people who have diabetes don’t know it –225,000 die each year –132 billion/year- 10% of our health care spending

17. Reproductive System- and the hormones involved Major Function- to continue life of a species by helping produce offspring.

18. Ovaries Functions: –Pair of reproductive organs found in women that produce eggs. –Also secrete estrogen and progesterone, which control ovulation and menstruation.

19. Testes Functions: –Pair of reproductive glands in men that produces sperm. –Also secrete Testosterone to give the body its masculine characteristics.

20. Label the major glands of the endocrine system Pituitary gland Thyroid gland Thymus gland Adrenal Gland Pancreas Female: Ovaries Males: Testes