1. Ch. 16 Sec. 1The Western World An Overview Bell work #1 There are many innumerable sunspots during the summer months which interfere with radio transmission our physics teacher explained

2. The Cold War in Europe For more than40 years, the Cold War divided Europe into two hostile military alliances. The communist nations of eastern Europe, dominated by the soviet union, formed the Warsaw pact. The western democracies, led by the United states, formed NATO For more than40 years, the Cold War divided Europe into two hostile military alliances. The communist nations of eastern Europe, dominated by the soviet union, formed the Warsaw pact. The western democracies, led by the United states, formed NATO

3. Berlin wall Berlin remained a focus of cold war tensions. The city was divided between democratic west Berlin and communist east Berlin. Thousands of low-paid east Germans, many of them professionals who were discontented with communism, slipped across the border into prosperous west Berlin. To stop its citizens from fleeing, the German government built a wall in 1961 that separated the two sectors of the city. The Berlin wall grew into a massive concrete barrier topped with barbed wire and patrolled by guards. It became an ugly symbol of the cold war Berlin remained a focus of cold war tensions. The city was divided between democratic west Berlin and communist east Berlin. Thousands of low-paid east Germans, many of them professionals who were discontented with communism, slipped across the border into prosperous west Berlin. To stop its citizens from fleeing, the German government built a wall in 1961 that separated the two sectors of the city. The Berlin wall grew into a massive concrete barrier topped with barbed wire and patrolled by guards. It became an ugly symbol of the cold war

4. Berlin Wall

5. Disarmament and Détente Both sides produced huge arsenals of nuclear weapons. Both sides produced huge arsenals of nuclear weapons. Both sides tried to avoid a nuclear showdown by holding disarmament talks. But mutual distrust often blocked progress. In 1963, the superpowers signed the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, which prohibited the testing of nuclear weapons in the atmosphere. Both sides tried to avoid a nuclear showdown by holding disarmament talks. But mutual distrust often blocked progress. In 1963, the superpowers signed the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, which prohibited the testing of nuclear weapons in the atmosphere. By the 1970s, American and Soviet leaders promoted an era of détente, or relaxation of tensions. Détente brought new agreements to reduce nuclear stockpiles. Detente faced a severe setback, however, when the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan in 1979. By the 1970s, American and Soviet leaders promoted an era of détente, or relaxation of tensions. Détente brought new agreements to reduce nuclear stockpiles. Detente faced a severe setback, however, when the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan in 1979. The arms race had a huge cost. Both superpowers invested fantastic sums of money in building weapons systems. The Soviet Union spent a large portion of its budget on the military, which meant cutbacks in other areas of the economy. The arms race had a huge cost. Both superpowers invested fantastic sums of money in building weapons systems. The Soviet Union spent a large portion of its budget on the military, which meant cutbacks in other areas of the economy.

6. The New Era By the 1990’s a new soviet leader, Mikhail Gorbachev loosened the Soviet grip on Eastern Europe. By the 1990’s a new soviet leader, Mikhail Gorbachev loosened the Soviet grip on Eastern Europe. One after another, communist governments collapsed, setting the stage for the ultimate collapse of the soviet Union itself. One after another, communist governments collapsed, setting the stage for the ultimate collapse of the soviet Union itself. As the Cold War ended, the Warsaw pact dissolved. NATO, originally formed to defend the west against communism, had to redefine its role in a post-Cold war world. As the Cold War ended, the Warsaw pact dissolved. NATO, originally formed to defend the west against communism, had to redefine its role in a post-Cold war world.

7. Recovery and Growth in Western Europe The Welfare state- a major goal to leftist parties was to extend the Welfare state. Under this system, a government keeps most features of a capitalist Economy but takes a greater responsibility for the social and economic needs of its people. The Welfare state- a major goal to leftist parties was to extend the Welfare state. Under this system, a government keeps most features of a capitalist Economy but takes a greater responsibility for the social and economic needs of its people. Governments passed reforms to ease the hardship of the industrial age. Germany, Brittan, and other nations banned child labor, regulated mine safety, and set up public schools, unemployment insurance and old-age pensions. Governments passed reforms to ease the hardship of the industrial age. Germany, Brittan, and other nations banned child labor, regulated mine safety, and set up public schools, unemployment insurance and old-age pensions.

8. The Oil Shock In 1979, OPEC again raised prices, triggering a severe recession. Factories and business cut back, and unemployment rose. In 1979, OPEC again raised prices, triggering a severe recession. Factories and business cut back, and unemployment rose. Economic Shifts- western factories had exported basic goods to the world. By the 1980’s, however, the pattern changed. Japan, already an industrial power, enjoyed dramatic growth after WWII other countries, such as China and India, also expanded their industries. Economic Shifts- western factories had exported basic goods to the world. By the 1980’s, however, the pattern changed. Japan, already an industrial power, enjoyed dramatic growth after WWII other countries, such as China and India, also expanded their industries. Western nations remained rich and powerful, but their economies changed. Most new jobs were created not in manufacturing but in service industries. A service industry is one that provides a service rather than a product. Service industries include health care, finance, sales, education, and recreation. Western nations remained rich and powerful, but their economies changed. Most new jobs were created not in manufacturing but in service industries. A service industry is one that provides a service rather than a product. Service industries include health care, finance, sales, education, and recreation.

9. Toward European Unity Europe’s recovery from WWII was helped by economic cooperation. In 1952, six nations –– France, West Germany, Belgium, Italy, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg –– set up the European Coal and Steel Community. This independent agency set prices and otherwise regulated the coal and steel industries of member states. This cooperation spurred economic growth across Western Europe. Europe’s recovery from WWII was helped by economic cooperation. In 1952, six nations –– France, West Germany, Belgium, Italy, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg –– set up the European Coal and Steel Community. This independent agency set prices and otherwise regulated the coal and steel industries of member states. This cooperation spurred economic growth across Western Europe.

10. The Common Market In 1957, (EC), or Common Market, expanded free trade. Over the next decades, the Common Market gradually ended tariffs on goods and allowed labor and capital to move freely across national borders. In 1957, (EC), or Common Market, expanded free trade. Over the next decades, the Common Market gradually ended tariffs on goods and allowed labor and capital to move freely across national borders. European Union- Despite disputes between members, the Common Market prospered. In 1990, it expanded still further and took the name the European Union (EU) With the end of communism, some Eastern European nations were eager to join the EU. European Union- Despite disputes between members, the Common Market prospered. In 1990, it expanded still further and took the name the European Union (EU) With the end of communism, some Eastern European nations were eager to join the EU. The EU became a powerful economic force. It controlled 37 percent of the world’s trade. The EU also promoted regional peace by replacing destructive competition with an amazing degree of cooperation. The EU became a powerful economic force. It controlled 37 percent of the world’s trade. The EU also promoted regional peace by replacing destructive competition with an amazing degree of cooperation.

11. Ethnic Diversity Since the 1950s, many immigrants form former colonies in Asia, Africa, and the Caribbean settled in Europe. In Germany and elsewhere in Europe, “guest workers” form Turkey and the Middle East provided low wage labor for booming economies. Most lived in segregated areas and faced discrimination. Since the 1950s, many immigrants form former colonies in Asia, Africa, and the Caribbean settled in Europe. In Germany and elsewhere in Europe, “guest workers” form Turkey and the Middle East provided low wage labor for booming economies. Most lived in segregated areas and faced discrimination. During later economic recession, Europeans resented newcomers who competed with them for scarce jobs. In some countries, ultranationalists and racist thugs attacked and some times killed foreign workers and immigrants. During later economic recession, Europeans resented newcomers who competed with them for scarce jobs. In some countries, ultranationalists and racist thugs attacked and some times killed foreign workers and immigrants.