1. Suzanne Webb Lansing Community College WRIT122 January 11, 2010

2. Rhetoric & Argument

3. The 5 Canons of Rhetoric Invention Arrangement Style Memory Delivery

4. The 5 Canons of Rhetoric Invention Coming up with something to say

5. The 5 Canons of Rhetoric Arrangement “The order of the discourse” How you organize your paper to be your most convincing

6. The 5 Canons of Rhetoric Style How you say it Writing for an academic audience Use of correct punctuation, grammar, and citation.

7. The 5 Canons of Rhetoric Memory How the orator recalls the information Important to know, but traditionally not a part of our 122 course. You can, though, associate memory with organization

8. The 5 Canons of Rhetoric Delivery The way the discourse is performed. We have but one method of delivery in WRIT122 (sadly). This is an MLA based written argument—12 pt, Times Roman, 1” margins, etc. Just think for a minute of all the other ways an argument could be delivered. We’re taking a very limited approach. (great possible topic for some essays here…) (just sayin’)

9. Writing in the 21 st Century Writing is one of the world’s oldest technologies Writing is both visual and verbal Writing is multilingual Writing can reach massive audiences (in a very short time) Writing is primarily public from: p 27 EDW

10. When Writing an Argument You are attempting to convince readers of something… To change their minds To urge them to do something To address a problem where no simple solution exists

11. When Writing an Argument Who is your audience? It’s most important you consider who your audience is. Perhaps you have multiple audiences. Are they… Scholars? Fellow Students? Collegues? Children? Write to your particular audience(s)

12. When Writing an Argument Shape your appeal to your audience Establish common ground Respect your audience’s interests and views Choose examples the audience can relate to Use language appropriate to your audience

13. Audience p27 EDW What is your topic or message? What is your relationship to your audience? What are your values & beliefs? Your audience’s? You & your audience’s background knowledge? What are the time and space limitations? What is the purpose of your message? What is the appropriate level of language?

14. What kind of argument paper will you write? Analysis? Classification? Compare/Contrast? Definition?

15. The Argument p70 EDW “…all language has an argumentative edge.” Do not assume that all writers agree with you! “What one [person] might call a massive demonstration another might call a noisy protest, and yet another an angry march…”

16. Analyzing the Argument p71 EDW What is the main issue (stasis) What emotional, ethical and logical appeals can you use? How can you establish your credibility? What sources do you have? How current and reliable are they? Does your thesis reflect your claim accurately?

17. When Writing an Argument Stasis Theory (stasis = stand) Did the act occur? How is the act defined? How important or serious is the act? What actions should be taken as a result of this act?

18. When Writing an Argument Reason :: Logic Emotion :: Values Character :: Credibility :: Ethics LOGOS :: PATHOS :: ETHOS

19. Logos :: Pathos :: Ethos Logos The appeal to reason (logic) Pathos The appeal to emotion (values) Ethos The appeal to character (ethics)

20. When Writing an Argument Logos :: reason “The facts don’t lie” Use of evidence Trustworthy sources Clearly defined terms

21. When Writing an Argument Pathos :: emotion of the reader Reminds us of deeply held values Stirs reader’s emotions Creates a strong emotional appeal

22. When Writing an Argument Ethos :: character of the writer The credibility, moral character, and goodwill of the writer (ethics) Knowledgeable on the subject? Trustworthy? In the best interest of the audience?

23. When Writing an Argument Identify the elements of an argument Most arguments share a claim, reasons for that claim, warrants (assumptions) which connect the claim to the reasons, evidence (facts, credible opinions, examples, statistics), and qualifiers (limiting of the claim)

24. When Writing an Argument Identify the elements of an argument Claim Reasons, for that claim Warrants or assumptions, which connect the claim to the reasons Evidence, facts, credible opinions, examples, statistics Qualifiers, limits of the claim

25. When Writing an Argument Recognize Fallacies Fallacies are serious flaws They are barriers to common ground and understanding Emotional, ethical, logical fallacies (do a google search) Also: chapter xx of EAA

26. Recognizing Fallacies Emotional Bandwagon appeal, flattery, in-crowd appeal, veiled threats, false analogies Ethical Ad hominem, guilt by association, false authority Logical Begging the question, post hoc fallacy, non sequitur, either-or, hasty generalization, oversimplification

27. When Writing an Argument Demonstrate Knowledge Use credible sources Demonstrate Fairness Consider the other side in your paper adds to your credibility (a requirement)

28. Organizing an Argument The Classical System 1. Introduction 2. Background 3. Lines of Argument 4. Alternative arguments 5. Conclusion

29. Organizing an Argument The Toulmin System 1. Make your claim 2. Qualify your claim 3. Present good reasons as support 4. Explain the underlying assumptions 5. Provide additional evidence 6. Acknowledge possible counter arguments 7. Draw your conclusions

30. The 5 Canons of Rhetoric Invention Arrangement Style Memory Delivery

31. Rhetoric & Arguments The Art of Persuasion