1. BIOL 2010 Human Anatomy & Physiology I What is so important about the Brain? ____ of adult body weight BUT consumes ____ of O 2 & glucose Is brain size an indication of intelligence? Phrenology and Sherlock…

2. The Brain: the big picture… The basic components of the CNS include the: _________ ___________ ______________ _______________ _____________

3. The Brain: development… Our central nervous system has humble origins early in our development (by ______) A plate (___________) of cells develop crests (___________) that rise and eventually meet and fuse leaving the hollow dorsal nerve cord & and ___________ of our CNS

4. What happens if mid- line tissues DON’T meet and fuse? The Brain: development… Failure of vertebral arch formation can result in ______ _______. In mild cases results in a dimple or discolored spot (____________), severe cases (____________), meninges, CSF and nervous tissue may protrude.

5. The Brain: from the outside in… The brain and spinal cord are protected by meninges 3 layers: _________ ~ outermost, tough, continuous with periosteum _______________ ~ middle layer, spider-web appearance ___________ ~ innermost layer, not visible to naked eye

6. The Brain: from the outside in… The dura mater helps keep the brain in position and the ___________________ (CSF) helps cushion/protect the brain Where does the fluid come from? ______________ on ventricle walls ______________ allow fluids in from capillaries

7. The Brain: from the outside in… 100-160ml of CSF circulates throughout the ventricles, down the central canal of the spinal cord and throughout the __________ __________. CSF is reabsorbed back into blood primarily at the _______ ___________ found within the dura mater.

8. The Brain: from the outside in… Ventricles are comprised of 4 major cavities: 1&2 ~ _____ and ________________ ______________ space within thalamus _____________ between cerebellum and brainstem channel connecting 3rd and 4th cerebral (mesencephalon) aqueduct and if blocked can result in ____________

9. The Brainstem: ________________ Most inferior portion, functions as a conduction pathway (descending motor neuron pathways ________ here) Reflex centers for: __________________ blood vessel diameter __________________ breathing __________________

10. The Brainstem: ______ Superior to ____________ ____________. Contains more ascending and descending pathways. Relays information from ________ to __________. Also includes sleep and respiratory centers.

11. The Brainstem: _____________ Small section superior to the _____. Part of the auditory pathways and visual reflexes Also involved in regulating _____________/activity and coordination

12. The Brain: __________________ 2 types of nuclei: Cranial nerves III-XII and Reticular Formation nuclei which are scattered throughout brainstem Many pathways from RF project directly to cerebrum to modulate activity ________ (repetitive stimuli) __________________________

13. The Diencephalon: ____________ “Gateway to cerebral cortex” Most _____________ project to the thalamus, which in turn projects to the cerebrum. Thalamus also influences _____ and activities associated with strong emotion. (Two concepts: ____________ and __________)

14. The Diencephalon: _________________ Major control center of autonomic nervous system and endocrine system. Centers associated with: * __________________ * __________________ * __________________