1. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Organic compounds always contain carbon and hydrogen. Inorganic compounds typically lack carbon.

2. The chain of carbon atoms in an organic molecule is the carbon skeleton. Functional groups are responsible for most of the chemical properties of a particular organic compound. Organic Compounds

3. Table 2.3.1

4. Small organic molecules can combine into large macromolecules. Macromolecules are polymers consisting of many small repeating molecules. The smaller molecules are called monomers. Organic Compounds

5. Monomers join by dehydration synthesis or condensation reactions. Polymers are broken apart by hydrolysis or phosphorlysis Organic Compounds Figure 2.8

6. CARBOHYDRATES, LIPIDS, PROTEINS, AND NUCLEIC ACIDS BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES ARE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS CARBOHYDRATES FATS AND LIPIDS PROTEINS NUCLEIC ACIDS

7. CARBOHYDRATES MONOSACCHARIDES = SUGARS DISACCHARIDES = SUGARS POLYSACCHARIDES = STARCHES & CELLULOSE

8. Are important for structure and as energy sources. Consist of C, H, and O with the formula (CH 2 O) n Carbohydrates Figure 2.8

9. Oligosaccharides consist of 2 to 20 monosaccharides. Polysaccharides consist of tens or hundreds of monosaccharides joined through dehydration synthesis. Starch, glycogen, dextran, and cellulose are polymers of glucose that are covalently bonded differently. Chitin is a polymer of two sugars repeating many times. Carbohydrates

10. MONOSACCHARIDES GLYCERALDHYDE 3 PHOSPHATE ERYTHROSE 4 PHOSPHATE RIBOSE 5 PHOSPHATE GLUCOSE FRUCTOSE GALACTOSE

11. Monosaccharides are simple sugars with 3 to 7 carbon atoms. Carbohydrates Figure 2.8

12. STRUCTURAL ISOMERS IDENTICAL MOLECULAR FORMULAS DIFFERENT STRUCTURES

13. Disaccharides are formed when two monosaccharides are joined in a dehydration synthesis. The bond is a glycosidic bond Disaccharides can be broken down by hydrolysis. Carbohydrates Figure 2.8

14. DISACCHARIDES MALTOSE—GLUCOSE + GLUCOSE SUCROSE—GLUCOSE + FRUCTOSE LACTOSE---GLUCOSE + GALACTOSE

15. POLYSACCHARIDES STARCH GLYCOGEN CELLULOSE CHITIN

16. STARCH GLYCOGEN STORAGE MOLECULE IN PLANTS STORAGE MOLECULE IN ANIMALS

17. CELLULOSE MOST ABUNDANT CARBOHYDRATE PLANT ALGAE

18. CHITIN FUNGI CELL WALLS EXOSKELETON OF INSECTS

19. GLUCOSAMINE & GALACTOSAMINE MODIFIED CARBOHYDRATES HYDROXIDE GROUP REPLACED BY AMINE GROUP

20. LIPIDS NEUTRAL FATS PHOSPHOLIPIDS STEROIDS WAXES TWICE AS MUCH ENERGY PER GRAM THAN CARBOHYDRATES

21. ARE THE PRIMARY COMPONENTS OF CELL MEMBRANES. CONSIST OF C, H, AND O. ARE NONPOLAR AND INSOLUBLE IN WATER. Lipids

22. Called fats or triglycerides contain glycerol and fatty acids; formed by dehydration synthesis. NEUTRAL FATS Figure 2.9c

23. SATURATED VS UNSATURATED FATS

25. TYPES OF NEUTRAL FATS MONOGLYCERIDE DIGLYCERIDE TRIGLYCERIDE –COMMON STORAGE MOLECULE

26. Contain C, H, and O + P, N, or S. Membranes are made of phospholipids PHOSPHOLIPIDS Figure 2.10a

27. Consist of four carbon rings, with an –OH group attached to one ring. Are part of membranes. Steroids Figure 2.11

28. ARE ESSENTIAL IN CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION. ENZYMES ARE PROTEINS THAT SPEED CHEMICAL REACTIONS. TRANSPORTER PROTEINS MOVE CHEMICALS ACROSS MEMBRANES. FLAGELLA ARE MADE OF PROTEINS. SOME BACTERIAL TOXINS ARE PROTEINS. PROTEINS

29. Consist of subunits called amino acids. Proteins Table 2.4.1

30. Proteins Table 2.4.2

31. AMINO ACID STRUCTURE AMINE GROUP CARBOXYL REMAINDER OF THE MOLECULE

32. Exist in either of two stereoisomers, D or L. L -forms are most often found in nature. Amino Acids Figure 2.13

33. PEPTIDE BONDING COVALENT DIPEPTIDES POLYPEPTIDES

34. Peptide bonds between amino acids are formed by dehydration synthesis. Peptide Bonds Figure 2.14

35. PEPTIDE BONDS Peptide bonds between amino acids are broken by hydrolysis.

36. PROTEIN STRUCTURE PRIMARY SECONDARY TERTIARY QUATRENARY

37. PRIMARY STRUCTURE SEQUENCE OF AMINO ACIDS

38. SECONDARY STRUCTURE ALPHA HELIX BETA SHEET

39. TERTIARY STRUCTURE DETERMINES THE BIOLOGICAL FUNCTION OF THE MOLECULE

40. QUATERNARY STRUCTURE COMBINES PROTEINS WITH TWO OR MORE SUBUNITS The tertiary structure occurs when the helix folds irregularly, forming disulfide bonds, hydrogen bonds, and ionic bonds between amino acids in the chain.

41. Conjugated proteins consist of amino acids and other organic molecules: Glycoproteins Nucleoproteins Lipoproteins MODIFICATIONS OF PROTEINS

42. CLASSIFICATION OF PROTEINS BY FUNCTION ENZYMES STRUCTURAL PROTEINS CONTRACTILE PROTEINS HORMONES TRANSPORT PROTEINS DEFENSE PROTEINS

43. ENZMES MOST ENZYMES ARE PROTEINS CATALYSTS FOR CHEMICAL REACTIONS

44. STRUCTURAL PROTEINS PARTS OF CELLS AND TISSUES COLLAGEN ELASTIN KERATIN

45. CONTRACTILE PROTEINS ACTIN MYOSIN

46. HORMONE INTERCELLULAR MESSENGERS INSULIN GROWTH HORMONE

47. TRANSPORT PROTEINS HEMOGLOBIN& MYOGLOBIN ALBUMIN

48. DEFENSE PROTEINS IMMNOGLOBULIN FIBRINOGEN

49. CLASSIFICATION OF PROTEINS BY SOLUBILITY GLOBULAR PROTEINS FIBROUS PROTEINS LIPOPROTEINS GLYCOPROTEINS NUCLEOPROTEINS CHROMOPROTEINS METALLOPROTEINS

50. GLOBULAR PROTEINS POLAR NATURE MOST NUMEROUS OF PROTEINS –ENZYMES –PLASMA PROTEINS –CELL MEMBRANE PROTEINS

51. FIBROUS PROTEINS INSOLUBLE ELONGATE TO FORM STRONG FIBERS STRUCTURAL AND SUPPORTING FIBERS –ELASTIN, KERATIN, MYOSIN AND FIBRIN

52. CLASSIFICATION BY COMPOSITION LIPOPROTEINS GLYCOPROTEINS NUCLEOPROTEINS CHROMOPROTEINS METALLOPROTEINS

53. LIPOPROTEINS CONTAIN FAT AND OTHER LIPIDS

54. GLYCOPROTEINS CONTAIN SUGARS

55. NUCLEOPROTEINS BOUND TO NUCLEIC ACIDS

56. CHROMOPROTEINS CONTAINS HEME GROUP

57. METALLOPROTEINS CONTAIN METAL IONS

58. NUCLEIC ACIDS RNA = RIBONUCLEIC ACID DNA = DEOXIRIBONUCLEIC ACID DOUBLE HELIX RESPONSIBLE FOR PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

59. Consist of nucleotides. Nucleotides consist of a: Pentose Phosphate group Nitrogen-containing (purine or pyrimidine) base Nucleic Acids Figure 2.16

60. Has deoxyribose Exists as a double helix A hydrogen bonds with T C hydrogen bonds with G DNA Figure 2.16

62. THE NUCLEOTIDES PURINES DOUBLE RING –ADENINE –GUANINE PYRIMIDINE SINGLE RING –GUANINE –THYMINE

65. DNA STRUCTURE LINEAR STRANDS BONDS BETWEEN SUGARS AND PHOSPHATES DOUBLE HELIX

66. Has ribose Is single-stranded A hydrogen bonds with U C hydrogen bonds with G RNA Figure 2.17

67. TYPES OF RNA mRNA –CODES FOR PROTEINS tRNA---CARRIES AMINO ACIDS Rrna---STRUCTURAL COMPONENT OF RIBOSOMES

68. Has ribose, adenine, and 3 phosphate groups ATP Figure 2.18

69. CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDES NUCLEOTIDE CONVERTED TO CYCLIC FORM –CYCLASES IMPORTANT IN SECOND MESSENGER SYSTEMS REGULATING CELL FUNCTION cAMP & cGMP

70. DINUCLEOTIDES IMPORTANT FOR METABOLIC PROCESS NICOTINAMIDE ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE –NAD+ –ELECTRON AND HYDROGEN DONOR AND ACCEPTOR –OXIDATION AND REDUCTIONS

71. Is made by dehydration synthesis. Is broken by hydrolysis to liberate useful energy for the cell. ATP