2.  How has Europe dealt with the major environmental issues of acid rain, air pollution, and nuclear disaster?

3.  Many of the world’s largest and most industrialized countries are in Europe. Paris, London, Berlin, Rome, Amsterdam  These cities tend to have lots of factories, lots of traffic, and produce a lot of air pollution.

4.  Factories and power plants also pump pollutants into Europe’s atmosphere.  The country with the worst air pollution in Europe is the UNITED KINGDOM.

5.  London, capital of UK, is famous for air pollution Word “smog” first used in 1905 to describe air in London (thick fog + smoke)  Thick London smog happens when water in the air mixes with smoke particles (CO2) from a coal fire.

6.  Smog was so dense that for 4 days people in London could not see what was in front of them. Transportation slowed, crime increased, & thousands of people died from the pollution People around the world became frightened & worried about the quality of the air they were breathing

8.  In the past, the major source was smoke (CO2) from burning coal (factories)  Today, exhaust from cars & buses are also the sources

9.  Asthma and pneumonia are linked to vehicle emissions Burns the lungs, nose, and eyes, and endangers human life  High air pollution keeps children & senior citizens indoors  Blackens buildings & harms wildlife

11.  The country with the worst acid rain in Europe is GERMANY.

12.  Air Pollution leads to health problems, and can affect the environment through ACID RAIN. Acid rain is caused by factories and car exhaust. The pollution gets into the clouds and causes the rain to be unusually acidic. This is harmful to plant life, aquatic animals, humans (cancer), and even buildings and statues are eroded.

14.  Acid rain is a result of air pollution. When any type of fuel is burnt, lots of different chemicals are produced and released into the air and mix with water in the clouds.  The rain from these clouds then falls as very weak acid. It’s not acidic enough to burn your skin, but it’s very harmful for the environment.

15.  Main source of acid rain is smoke from factories (burning fuels like natural gas, coal, & oil) Germany is a top manufacturing country—leads the world in cars, steel, & chemical products—so it depends on these factories  Cars & buses also produce harmful gases. Germans own more cars than people of most other countries do

16.  Acid rain has destroyed nearly half of the Black Forest! This has really harmed Germany’s economy because timber is an important export. It brings in millions of dollars to Germany. The timber business provides jobs. No forest? No jobs. No jobs? Poor economy.

19.  In Western Europe, nations are trying to lessen pollution. They are spending money and researching new ways to produce power that cause less environmental damage.  In Eastern Europe, few nations are researching new technologies They have less money

20.  Governments are also researching alternative fuel sources for cars which would lessen air pollution and acid rain. Rather than being made of oil, these fuels come from plant soil.

21.  Most countries in Europe are members of a group called the European Union. Since its formation in 1993, the EU has passed policies designed to fight acid rain, improve air quality, restrict toxic waste, and reduce pollution.

22. http://library.thinkquest.org/20331/images/chernsite.jpg

23. http://students.vassar.edu/mezegen/Eastern%20Europe%20Map.gif -In Northern Ukraine -10 miles away from Belarus -80 miles North of Kiev http://studiohousebooks.co.uk/chernobyl/Chernobyl/chernobyl.html

24. - 203 people were hospitalized immediately. 31 of them eventually died. Most of these people were workers in the plant or local firefighters. - NW winds from the Black Sea carried the radiation for miles in the following days. Scandinavian detectors picked up on the abundance of radiation, but the Soviet government denied everything. http://www.cmc.ec.gc.ca/~arqidor/ctbto/ctbt3.html

25. http://www.metoffice.com/environment/serv4.html West and Northwest Winds carried radiation

26.  “Liquidators” These were firemen who helped put out the fires and helped clean up the radiation Most did not realize the dangers of radiation. Many later died from radiation, because they didn’t wear protection. An estimated 8,000-20,000 to date have died  Robots United States supplied Specifically designed to enter reactor core and help build the sarcophagus http://er1.org/docs/photos/Disaster/Chernobyl%2002%20robotic%20inspector.jpg http://www.chernobyl-international.com/aboutchernobyl/fateoftheliquidators.asp The Clean Up

27. http://library.thinkquest.org/3426/data/emergency/cleanup.efforts.html Approximately 300,000 to 600,000 liquidators were involved in the cleanup of the 30 km evacuation zone around the plant in the years following the meltdown.

28. -Following the accident hundreds of thousands of people had to be evacuated and between 1990 and 1995 an additional 210,000 people were resettled. People evacuated: -May 2-3 (1 week later) 10 km area (45,000 people) -May 4 30 km area (116,000 people) http://library.thinkquest.org/3426/data/emergency/evacuation.html -50,000 people from Pripyat, Ukraine were evacuated 2 days after the accident.

29. http://www.greenpeace.org.ar/energiapositiva/img/fotos/chernobyl.jpg Cement sarcophagus built in the months after disaster 5,000 tons of sand thrown on top of reactor core Containment

30. http://fme.sincerethought.org/gallery/album10/wtc_6 http://studiohousebooks.co.uk/chernobyl/Chernobyl/chernobyl.html

31.  Children were much more affected by Chernobyl and the radiation, due to their weaker immune systems.  1991-1992--sickness rate among children almost tripled  Threat to gene pool—fewer children being born.  The following problems have increased in children: heart and circulatory diseases, malignant tumors, and disorders of the nervous system, sensory organs, of the bone, muscle and connective tissue system http://studiohousebooks.co.uk/chernobyl/Chernobyl/chernobyl.html http://studiohousebooks.co.uk/chernobyl/Pictures/pictures.html

32.  It is estimated that 1 out of every 4 infants will develop thyroid abnormalities.  The normal rate of thyroid cancer would be only one in 1 million.  In the immediate aftermath of the disaster, had the authorities supplied the children with preventive potassium iodine, it would have prevented many of the thyroid cancer cases.

33. The thyroid gland is the most vulnerable organ to radiation in the human body. Normally, this is a rare disease, with only 1 case per year being reported in Belarus before the Chernobyl accident. Thyroid cancer can take 10-30 years to show it’s effects. http://www.chernobyl-international.com/aboutchernobyl/thyroidcancer.asp There has been a 2,400% increase in the rates of thyroid cancer in Belarus since 1986. In the Homyel region of Belarus, the region closest to Chernobyl, there has been a 100-fold increase in thyroid cancer.

34.  Food & Water Milk—Farmers have to watch the radiation level in milk. Fish—Cannot be eaten, as water absorbs radiation and fats concentrate it Radioactive Floods every spring  Lives ruined Suicide and depression Even healthy people were traumatized http://library.thinkquest.org/3426/data/local-effects/agriculture.effects.html http://www.spacedaily.com/images/chernobyl-airview-bg.jpg

35. www.calguard.ca.gov/ ia/Chernobyl-15%20years.htm www.balticuniv.uu.se/ space/catch_news27.shtml The plant has been shut down by Ukraine. The cement sarcophagus is falling apart, due to the quick emergency construction of it. The UN estimates that up to 9 million people have been affected directly or indirectly by the fallout. The full consequences will not be seen for at least another 50 years.