1. + Maps & Projections AP Human Geography Mrs. Lacks

2. + Functions of a Map Two purposes Reference tool: to find locations, to find one’s way Communications tool: to show the distribution of human and physical features

3. + Scale Ratio/fraction – shows the ratio of distance on a map compared to the real earth measurement. Bar/graphic – shows the ratio of the distance on the map to the distance on the earth Written – describes relation between map and Earth in words Small scale – shows a large area without a lot of detail Large scale – shows a small area with a lot of detail.

4. + Scale

5. + Globe 3d representation of the earth Advantage: provides a way to view the earth as it travels through space Disadvantage: Can only see half of it at one time

6. + Maps 2D representations of selected parts of the earths surface Advantage: easily portable and can be drawn to any scale needed Disadvantage: distortion occurs when as the earth’s surface is flattened to create a map

7. + Types of Maps General reference or topographic map: natural and man-made features on the earth Thematic: emphasize specific kind of information Navigational: help users plot a course through water or air.

8. + Physical Maps Show types of landforms and bodies of water in a specific area.

9. + Political Maps Show features on the earth’s surface that humans have created. Cities, states, provinces, territories, and countries

10. + Thematic Maps Climate, vegetation, natural resources, population density and economic activities Qualitative - use colors, symbols, dots or lines to see patterns

11. + Thematic Maps Cartograms – info about a country based on data other than land area Flow-line – illustrate movement of people, goods, ideas, and animals

12. + Spatial Distribution The arrangement of items on the earth’s surface Analyzed by the elements common to all spatial distributions Density, Dispersion, and Pattern

13. + Density The measure of the number or quantity of anything within a defined unit of area Always number in relation to area Normally used comparatively

14. + Density GA pop. density = 141 per/sq mi Is that a high density? Who knows… we must look comparatively Ohio = 277, Michigan = 175, New Jersey = 1134 Therefore GA has a low Density Wyoming = 6

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16. + Dispersion Spread of a phenomenon over an area Not how many or how much but how far things are spread out 1. Clustered/Agglomerated = spatially close together 2. Dispersed/Scattered = spread out Dispersion can change depending on scale

17. + Pattern The geometric arrangement of objects in space Refers to distribution, but the reference emphasizes design rather than spacing Types of Patterns: Linear, Centralized, and Random

18. + Linear Pattern Linear Patterns typically depict houses along a street or towns along a railroad

19. + Centralized Pattern Centralized Patterns typically involve items concentrated around a single node Ex: Center City with surrounding suburbs

20. + Random Pattern An unstructured irregular distribution

21. + Land Ordinance of 1785 Township and range system Township = 6 sq. miles on each side North–south lines = principal meridians East–west lines = base lines Range Sections

22. + Township & Range System

23. + Contemporary Tools Geographic Information Science (GIScience) Global Positioning Systems (GPS) Remote sensing Geographic information systems (GIS)

24. + Map Projections A way of drawing the earth’s surface that reduces distortion caused by presenting a round earth on flat paper. A cartographer will reduce some types of distortion by using different types of map projections Distance, shape, direction, or area/size may be distorted.

25. + Planar Projection Projection on a flat surface. Also called Azimuthal which shows the earth so a line that from the central point on the map gives the shortest distance between two points. Size and shape are distorted.

26. + Conical Projection Projected onto a cone Shows shape fairly accurate and used to show landmasses that cover large areas going east and west Distorts landmasses at the edges

27. + Cylindrical Projection Projection onto a cylinder and shows the entire earth on one map. Three types Mercator Homolosine Robinson

28. + Mercator Shapes of continents are distorted at the poles and somewhat compressed near the equator

29. + Homolsine (or Goode’s Projection) Oceans are divided Shows accurate shapes and sizes of the landmasses but distances on the map are not correct.

30. + Robinson Shows entire earth almost true to sizes and shapes of continents and oceans. Shapes of the landforms near the poles appear flat.

31. + Map Projection Activity

32. + Peter’s http://www.youtube.com/watch?playnext=1&index=0&featur e=PlayList&v=n8zBC2dvERM&list=PL9DF42BD3AD0FB8ED http://www.youtube.com/watch?playnext=1&index=0&featur e=PlayList&v=n8zBC2dvERM&list=PL9DF42BD3AD0FB8ED