1. Community Interactions CH 37

2. Community All the populations that _____________________________ __________ is the type of place where individuals of a species typically live Type of habitat shapes a _________________________

3. Factors Shaping Community Structure ___________________________ Available foods and ______________ Adaptations of species in community ______________________ __________________of species Physical disturbances

4. Niche Sum of activities and relationships in which a species engages to __________________________________ __________________________________

5. Species Interactions Most interactions are______; have no effect on either species _______________ helps one species and has no effect on the other Mutualism helps ________________

6. Species Interactions __________________has a negative effect on both species _________________________both benefit one species at a cost to another

7. Symbiosis ________________for at least some part of the life cycle Commensalism, mutualism, and parasitism are forms of ______________

8. Mutualism Both species ___________ Many examples in nature Some mutualisms are ___________; partners depend upon each other

10. Yucca and Yucca Moth Example of an obligatory mutualism Each species of yucca is _______________________________ ______________can grow only in that one species of yucca

11. Mycorrhizae Obligatory mutualism between ___________________________ Fungus supplies _____________to root Root supplies ___________ to fungus

13. Improved water and mineral uptake in mycorrhizal plants.

15. Commensalism One species _____________________________ Many examples in nature

19. Periwinkle on Seaweed (worksheet study)

20. Competition __________ - between different species _____________ - between members of the same species _____________ competition is most intense

21. Forms of Competition Competitors may have equal access to a resource; compete to exploit resource more effectively One competitor may be able to control access to a resource, to exclude others

22. Competitive Exclusion Principle When two species compete for identical resources, __________________________________ __________________________________

23. Paramecium caudatum Paramecium aurelia

24. Competitive Exclusion Expt Paramecium caudatum Paramecium aurelia

25. Predation Predators are animals that feed on ______________________________ Predators are free-living; _______________________________

26. Coevolution _____________promotes traits that help prey escape predation It also promotes traits that make predators more ____________________________

27. Prey Defenses ___________________ ____________________ _______________ __________________

28. Predator Responses Any adaptation that protects prey may select for predators that can overcome that adaptation Prey adaptations include ________, _________, and ways to avoid _________________

29. Parasitism Parasites drain nutrients from their _____________________________ Natural selection favors parasites that _______________________________

30. Types of Parasites ______________

33. Hog Sphinx Moth caterpillar, seen here on Smartweed, has been parasitized by Cotesia congregata, a braconid that lays its eggs in the caterpillar

34. Cobweb Spider (plus Ichneumonid wasp parasite)

35. Balanophora fungosa produces no chlorophyll so it is unable to manufacture its own food from sunlight so it lives parasitically on the roots of certain plants.

36. Immature Spined Assassin bug with what looks like tachinid egg parasites.

37. Hyalophora cecropia caterpillar

38. Tarantula Hawk Wasp

39. Tarantula Hawk Wasp in action!