1. Carbon Compounds Organic chemistry is the study of all compounds that contain bounds between carbon atoms. Why study carbon? It has 4 valence electrons; each electron can join with an electron from another atom to form a strong covalent bond Carbon can bond with many elements Carbon can bound to other carbon atoms thus forming chains unlimited in length/also form rings-p.44 Has the ability to form millions of different large and complex structures

2. Carbon Compounds 4 groups of organic compounds found in living things are carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins. Carbohydrates Compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms, usually in a ratio of 1:2:1 Living things use carbohydrates as their main source of energy. Plants and some animals also use carbohydrates for structural purposes.

3. Types of Carbohydrates 1. Monosaccharide – simplest Examples: glucose, galactose (in milk) fructose (in fruit) C 6 H 12 O 6 2. Disaccharide – two monosaccharides linked together Example: sucrose (glucose +fructose sucrose (table sugar) 3. Polysaccharide – largest Example: starch, cellulose, and glycogen

4. Types of Carbohydrates 3. Polysaccharide – largest Example: starch, cellulose, and glycogen Uses: 1.Starch (plant) is used as food storage by plants. 2.Glycogen (animal starch) is used as food storage by animals. When the level of glucose in your blood runs low, glycogen is released from your liver 3.Cellulose forms the cell walls of plants giving them their strength and rigidity

5. Lipids Organic compounds that have a large proportion of carbon and hydrogen atoms and less oxygen than carbohydrates Example: C 57 H 110 O 6 Common categories of lipids are fats, oils (olive, corn, sesame, peanut), waxes, and steroids Characteristics: 1.Not soluble in water 2.Used to store energy 3.Major component of membranes that surround living cells

6. Nucleic Acids Consist of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus atoms. They are arranged in three groups: a base, a simple sugar, and a phosphate group. Nucleotides consist of three parts: a 5 Carbon sugar, a phosphate group, a nitrogenous base Examples: 1.DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) -determines how an organism looksa nd acts -contains the sugar ribose

7. Nucleic Acids Examples: 2.RNA (ribonucleic acid) -forms a copy of DNA for use in protein synthesis -contains the sugar ribose

8. Proteins Contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen Characteristics: 1.The basic building blocks of proteins are amino acids 2.Control therate of reactions (enzymes) 3.Regulate cell processes 4.Transports substances into or out of cells