1. Changing Attitudes and Values

2. Women’s Rights  Fairness in Government  Temperance Movement  Suffrage: Right to vote “Nobody ever helps me into carriages, or over mudpuddles, or gives me any best place! And ain’t I a woman?” -Sojourner Truth

3. Growth of Public Education  What did Schools teach? Punctuality Obedience Disciplined work habits Patriotism Basic Religious education  Elementary Schools were primitive Most teachers had little to no schooling. Children from rural homes attended school when they were not needed on the farm.

4. Growth of Public Education  Secondary Schools Learned classical languages Only middle-class families could afford to have their sons attend these schools. Girls were allowed to attend with hopes that they would find a husband.  Higher Education Colleges and Universities Expanded. Curriculum emphasized ancient history and languages, philosophy, religion, and law. Added courses in science; chemistry and physics.

5. New Directions in Science: John Dalton  English Quaker school teacher.  Developed modern atomic theory: All different kinds of atoms combined to make all chemical substances.

6. New Directions in Science: Archaeology 1856 Workers in the Neander Valley of Germany accidentally uncovered the fossilized bones of prehistoric people

7. New Directions in Science: Charles Darwin  Members of each species compete to survive.  Natural forces selected those with physical traits best adapted to their environment.  Created lots of conflict between scientists and Christians.

8. Social Darwinism  Some theorists used Darwin’s ideas to support their own beliefs about society.  Encouraged Racism “History shows me one way, and one way only, in which a high state of civilization has been produced, namely the struggle of race with race, and the survival of the physically and mentally fitter race.” -Karl Pearson British Mathematician Ideas like this would ultimately lead to Imperialism.