3. A. Early Life 1. Hunter-gatherers - had to search for food all of the time 2. Knew about the environment. a. plants- good food and medicines 3. Discovered fire a. came across by accident (lightening strike) or someone noticed sparks when certain stones were struck together b. Used for warmth, light, and to help people cook food 4. Made things from stone until approximately 10,000 years ago a. Reason it is known as the Old Stone Age (Paleolithic)

4. 1. Tools included rocks or sticks. 2. Later – sharpened stones made axes. 3. Sharpened animal bones made needles. 4. Bowls, needles, and other objects are examples of technology.

5. Cook food Frighten animals – protection Warmth light

6. A. Two Caves 1. The oldest human artifacts come from Africa. 2. Border Cave a. Discovered in 1940 b. Bones were 40,000 years old. c. Held thousands of Old Stone Age artifacts and bones of more than 40 kinds of animals

7. 3. Blombos Cave Discovered in South Africa. Artifacts are 70,000 years old. Overlooked a warm grassland with many animals Hunted – hippos and rhinos

8. People lived at least 70,000 yrs. Ago Found bones of more than 40 kinds of animals Found different tools and artifacts

9. A. The New Stone Age 1. By about 7,000 B.C., some people had settled in villages along rivers and lakes. a. fertile, rich soil for farming b. no longer had to hunt and gather food 2. Still used stone tools in the New Stone Age 3. Farmers raised crops. a. Surplus = extra

10. 4. Surpluses allowed for people to do other things than farming. a. people specialized b. Example – People made tools, bricks, or clothing. 5. People came to villages to trade. a. traded for needed products b. Example – trade extra wheat for sandals c. No money, so they bartered

11. Surplus of food Lived longer Could begin to specialize Traded surplus for other items

12. 1. Farming gave people a steady diet, and they lived longer. Population grew, and villages became towns. Trade developed. A. Domesticating Animals and Plants 1. Farmers domesticate animals and plants. a. first domesticated animal = dog b. also domesticated goats, pigs, cattle, and sheep c. Wild plants were domesticated. d. Earliest crop = fig

13. e. Grass turned into wheat and rice crops f. Revolution - great change in how people live or how things are done g. The change in farming is called agricultural revolution.

14. 1. Had to adapt surroundings to farm a. built terraces b. brought water through canals and reservoirs c. cleared land by “slash and burn” – cut down trees and burned stumps and weeds

15. 2. Studied weather a. Climate controlled kinds of crops that could be planted. C. Tools for Farmers 1. Developed new tools a. adze- kind of ax b. adze- flat, carved stone head, and was used to clear forests c. hoe – keeps weeds out of the garden d. sickle – cutting fields of grain

16. Domesticating plants and animals Invention of new methods Terracing New tools – adze and a sickle

17. Why do you think the people of Catalhuyuk built their homes attached to one another? form of protection from outside attacks How do you think the people of Catalhuyuk enter their homes? through the roof What evidence do we have to assume that they were a religious group of people? Temples were there.