1. 3/2003 Rev 1 I.2.0 – slide 1 of 12 Session I.2.0 Part I Review of Fundamentals Module 2Introduction Session 0Part I Table of Contents IAEA Post Graduate Educational Course Radiation Protection and Safe Use of Radiation Sources

2. 3/2003 Rev 1 I.2.0 – slide 2 of 12 Module I-2 - Basic Physics and Mathematics used in Radiation Protection Lesson - Basic Nuclear Physics Introduction To Atomic Structure Session I-2-1 - neutrons, protons and electrons; periodic table; atomic mass, isotopes of element Session I-2-2 - excitation, ionization; binding energy Session I-2-3 - accelerated particles; characteristic X rays, bremsstrahlung Session I-2-4 - auger electrons, internal conversion; energies Part I Review of Fundamentals

3. 3/2003 Rev 1 I.2.0 – slide 3 of 12 Lesson - Radioactivity Session I-2-5 - nuclear stability; unstable nuclei; radionuclides Session I-2-6 - modes of disintegration alpha, beta, gamma; types of spectra; positron; electron capture; table of radionuclides Session I-2-7 - activity; law of radioactive decay; half- life; decay constant; mean life; activity, units Session I-2-8 - decay chains and equilibrium Part I Review of Fundamentals

4. 3/2003 Rev 1 I.2.0 – slide 4 of 12 Lesson - Nuclear Reactions Session I-2-9 - types of reactions; induced radioactivity; fission and fusion (energy considerations); cross section; energetics of reactions Lesson - Basic Mathematics Session I-2-10 - differentiation/integration; decay equations (exponential functions); first order ordinary linear differential equations with a constant Part I Review of Fundamentals

5. 3/2003 Rev 1 I.2.0 – slide 5 of 12 Lesson - Statistics Session I-2-11 - accuracy; precision; reliability Session I-2-12 - mean, mode, median; standard deviation; standard error; confidence levels Session I-2-13 - probability theory; random variables; distributions: different types (log-normal, binomial, Poisson, Gaussian); scatter diagram Session I-2-14 - student T test; chi square Session I-2-15 - regression; correlation; practical application to counting Session I-2-16 - curve fitting by least square methods Part I Review of Fundamentals

6. 3/2003 Rev 1 I.2.0 – slide 6 of 12 Module I-3 - Interaction of Radiation with Matter Lesson - Charged Particle Radiation Heavy Particles (Alpha, Proton Nuclei) Session I-3-1 - energy transfer mechanisms, ionization, scattering nuclear interaction; range- energy relationship Session I-3-2 - Bragg curve; stopping power; shielding Beta Particles Session I-3-3 - mechanisms of energy transfer; relation- ships; bremsstrahlung; Cerenkov radiation; shielding Part I Review of Fundamentals

7. 3/2003 Rev 1 I.2.0 – slide 7 of 12 Lesson - Uncharged Radiation X and Gamma Rays Session I-3-4 - photoelectric effect; Compton scattering; pair production; secondary photon production Session I-3-5 - linear mass attenuation coefficient; exponential attenuation Session I-3-6 - effect of Z on absorbing medium; buildup correction; shielding Part I Review of Fundamentals

8. 3/2003 Rev 1 I.2.0 – slide 8 of 12 Neutrons Session I-3-7 - interaction; scattering; absorption; energy categories Session I-3-8 - neutron activation; radioactive capture (n,p), (n,  ) Session I-3-9 - moderation; shielding Session I-3-10 - induced radioactivity: by charged and uncharged particles Part I Review of Fundamentals

9. 3/2003 Rev 1 I.2.0 – slide 9 of 12 Module I-4 - Sources of Radiation Lesson - Natural Radiation Session I-4-1 - terrestrial radionuclides: Uranium ( 235 U and 238 U), 232 Th, 40 K; important radionuclides in 238 U and 232 Th decay chains (Ra, Rn emanation, etc.); NORM Session I-4-2 - cosmic radiation: types of cosmic radiation; variation with latitude and altitude Part I Review of Fundamentals

10. 3/2003 Rev 1 I.2.0 – slide 10 of 12 Lesson - Human Made Radioactive Sources Session I-4-3 - radioactive sources: beta, alpha, gamma and X ray sources; isotopic neutron sources Session I-4-4 - sealed sources; unsealed sources and isotope generators; source enclosures Session I-4-5 - production of radioisotopes; general safety of radiation sources; fallout Session I-4-6 - nuclear reactors: review of fission and fusion reactions; moderation of neutrons; neutrons, multiplication factor, criticality Part I Review of Fundamentals

11. 3/2003 Rev 1 I.2.0 – slide 11 of 12 Lesson - Human Made Radioactive Sources (cont) Session I-4-7 - basic elements of a nuclear reactor; types of reactors Session I-4-8 - research reactors Session I-4-9 - nuclear fuel cycle installations Part I Review of Fundamentals

12. 3/2003 Rev 1 I.2.0 – slide 12 of 12 Lesson - Radiation Generators Session I-4-10 - charged particle production: linear accelerators; betatrons; cyclotrons Session I-4-11 - x ray production: low energy X ray machines; linear accelerators; other machines Session I-4-12 - principles and spectra; filtration and beam quality Session I-4-13 - neutron production: (d,n) reactions and (p,n) reactions neutron production for neutron therapy Session I-4-14 - applications of ionizing radiation in medicine, industry, and agriculture; consumer products Part I Review of Fundamentals