1. Chapter 11

2. Sec. 1: The land  Europe and Asia share a common land mass called Eurasia.  Europe= 2 nd smallest continent  Long irregular coastline that touches numerous bodies of water  most of Europe lies within 300 miles of a sea coast

3. Sec. 1: The land  25 & of the Netherland lies below sea level  Dikes- large banks of earth & stone that hold back water.  Dikes help reclaim new land from the sea. These lands are polders, once they’re drained they’re kept dry by use of windmills.

4. Sec. 1: The land  Europe is a large peninsulas made up of smaller peninsulas.  Far north= Scandinavian Peninsula  Glaciation=process in which glaciers formed & spread over the peninsula.  Carved out long, narrow, steep-sided inlets called fjords (fee-AWRDZ) on the Atlantic coastline. Map pg 273

5. Sec. 1: The land  North Sea=between Denmark & United Kingdom  Iberian Peninsula= extends of the southwestern edge of Europe, home to Spain & Portugal  Apennine Peninsula= home to Italy, extends like a giant boot into the Mediterranean Sea.  Balkan Peninsula= located in southeastern Europe, bounded by Adriatic & Ionian Seas.

6. Sec. 1: The land Mountain Regions o Alps= created by glaciers & folding, Mont Blanc, highest peak of the Alps. o Major rivers include Rhine & Po, originate in the Alps. Plains Region o North European Plain= southeastern England & western France, eastward to Poland, Ukraine & Russia. o Loess= fine, rich, windblown soil

7. Sec. 1: The land Water Systems o Flow from inland mountain to highland to the coast. o Navigable canals & rivers o Rhine is most important river in western Europe. Flows from Swiss Alps through France & Germany. Natural Resources o Coal, iron ore, bauxite, zinc, & manganese, natural gas.

8. Sec. 2: Climate & Vegetation Western Europe  Gulf Stream & North Atlantic Drift bring warm waters to from the Gulf of Mexico. Trees & Highlands o Natural vegetation includes deciduous (lose leaves) & coniferous trees. o Timberline= the elevation above which trees cannot grow. o Foehns (FUHNZ)= dry winds o Avalanches= destructive masses of ice, snow, & rocks sliding down mountain sides.

9. Sec. 2: Climate & Vegetation Southern Europe o Mediterranean= warm dry summers, mild rainy winters.  Mistral= strong north wind from the Alps, blasts bitterly cold wind to France.  Siroccos (suh-RAH-kohs)= high dry winds from N. Africa  Chaparral= shrubs or small trees Eastern & Northern Europe o Humid continental-cold, snowy winters, hot summers  Permafrost= soil that is permanently frozen below the surface.

10. references  http://www.nonformality.org/blog/wp- content/uploads/2007/12/90-small.jpg http://www.nonformality.org/blog/wp- content/uploads/2007/12/90-small.jpg  Boehm, Ph.D., Richard G.. World Geography. TX. Columbus: Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, 2003.