1. Christianity in Late Antiquity & the Early Middle Ages Western Civilization University High School 2011-12 Western Civilization University High School 2011-12

2. The Middle Ages  Western history divided up into roughly 3 eras:  1. Ancient/classical era (aka. Antiquity)  2. The Middle Ages  3. Modern era  Western history divided up into roughly 3 eras:  1. Ancient/classical era (aka. Antiquity)  2. The Middle Ages  3. Modern era

3. The Middle Ages  Middle Ages: 5 th – 15 th century  Early Middle Ages: 5 th cent. (fall of Rome)  1000 CE  High Middle Ages: 1000 – 1300 CE  Late Middle Ages: 1300 – 1500 CE  Middle Ages: 5 th – 15 th century  Early Middle Ages: 5 th cent. (fall of Rome)  1000 CE  High Middle Ages: 1000 – 1300 CE  Late Middle Ages: 1300 – 1500 CE

4. Church/State Relations  after fall of Western Roman Empire, 2 sources of continuity:  Eastern RE/Byzantine Empire  Christian church  worked closely together in 4th-5th centuries  after fall of Western Roman Empire, 2 sources of continuity:  Eastern RE/Byzantine Empire  Christian church  worked closely together in 4th-5th centuries

5. Church/State Relations  312 CE: Constantine makes Christianity legal, encouraged  no Roman taxes for clergy  made Sunday a public holiday, day of rest  built Christian churches, Lateran Palace (Pope’s home until 14th cent.)  312 CE: Constantine makes Christianity legal, encouraged  no Roman taxes for clergy  made Sunday a public holiday, day of rest  built Christian churches, Lateran Palace (Pope’s home until 14th cent.)

6. Lateran Palace

8. Church/State Relations  380 CE: emperor Theodosius makes Christianity official religion of empire  practicing old Roman religion = treason!  allowed church to make own courts for clergy/religious issues (canon law)  ***church becoming independent, powerful political entity***  380 CE: emperor Theodosius makes Christianity official religion of empire  practicing old Roman religion = treason!  allowed church to make own courts for clergy/religious issues (canon law)  ***church becoming independent, powerful political entity***

9. Church/State Relations Get Nasty  political tension between church and state  Theodosius orders Bishop Ambrose of Milan to hand over cathedral to empire  political tension between church and state  Theodosius orders Bishop Ambrose of Milan to hand over cathedral to empire

10. Bishop Ambrose’s Response  At length came the command, “Deliver up the basilica”; I reply, “It is not lawful for us to deliver it up, nor for your Majesty to receive it. By no law can you violate the house of a private man, and do you think that the house of God may be taken away? … But do not burden your conscience with the thought that you have any right as Emperor over sacred things … It is written, God’s to God and Caesar’s to Caesar. The palace is the Emperor’s, the churches are the Bishop’s. To you is committed jurisdiction over public, not over sacred buildings.

11. Church/State Relations  empire becoming a Christian society  church ultimately more powerful entity, because everyone (even the emperor) answers to God  empire becoming a Christian society  church ultimately more powerful entity, because everyone (even the emperor) answers to God

12. Islam in Late Antiquity & the Early Middle Ages Western Civilization University High School 2011-12 Western Civilization University High School 2011-12

13. What About Further East?

14.  end of 6th cent.: Arabia socially, politically divided  Bedouins: nomadic tribes of sheepherders  Hejazi: more established farmers, traders (wealthy towns)  no political ties, but some cultural ties  3 holy months per year  no fighting!  Mecca (city in current Saudi Arabia) = religious center  no fighting!

16. Muhammad  571 - 632 CE  Arab legends written ~100 years after his death (accuracy of life details? importance of life details?)  had seizures where he lost consciousness, saw visions

17. Muhammad  610 CE: visions became more frequent, religious  began to preach in stylized, rhyming language  describing visions  single God  Muhammad = prophet  “Qur’an” = prayer recitation

18. Muhammad  followers wrote down visions  today, Qur’an = holy book for Muslims  words of God  Prophet Muhammad  the people

19. Muhammad  small following in Mecca  622 CE: leads followers to Medina  big following there!  630 CE: returns to Mecca  632 CE: dies in Medina; Arabia unified as Muslim community  religion itself = Islam

20. So What Do Muslims Believe?  Allah (Arabic word for “God”) = all- knowing, all-powerful  Muhammad = prophet of Allah (along with Abraham, Moses, Jesus)  Jesus mentioned 93 times in Qur’an! (including birth to Virgin Mary)  believe Jesus was a prophet, not divine

21. So What Do Muslims Believe?  Muslims obliged to jihad (literally “self-exertion”)  striving to spread God’s message; striving in the path of God  not necessarily violent, though some have interpreted it that way

22. So What Do Muslims Believe?  to get to Heaven, Muslims must follow Muhammad’s strict moral code (shari’a = Islamic sacred law)  5 Pillars of Islam  1. profession of faith (“There is no god but God and Muhammad is his prophet.”)  2. pray 5x per day  3. fast & pray during Ramadan (holy month)  4. give to the poor & needy  5. at least one pilgrimage to Mecca, if possible

23. Islam, Christianity, & Judaism  3 branches of the same religious tree  all monotheistic  all worshipping same God!  dhimmis: Muslim word for Jews and Christians (“protected people”)

24. Expansion of Islam  by Muhammad’s death, Arabia united as Muslim culture  spread to northern Africa  Spain  spread east to India  caliph: “successor”  1 st caliph elected by Muhammad’s friends/followers

26. Ali  Ali (Muhammad’s cousin) = 4th caliph  quickly assassinated  Ali’s followers = Shi’ites/Shi’a (Arabic for “supporters”)  Ali and future caliphs = legit  first few caliphs = not so legit…  Sunnis (derived from Arabic for traditional beliefs/practices): accepted earlier caliphs

27. Islam in Spain

28. Umayyad Dynasty 756-788 Kingdom in Spain

29. Al-Andalus  part of the Iberian Peninsula under Muslim control (land of the Vandals)  referred to as Moorish Spain (Moors, Berbers from North Africa)  interfaith harmony: 8 th -12 th centuries  part of the Iberian Peninsula under Muslim control (land of the Vandals)  referred to as Moorish Spain (Moors, Berbers from North Africa)  interfaith harmony: 8 th -12 th centuries

30. Arab intellectual achievements shape Europe  Algebra (830)  Hindu numbers applied to physics and astronomy (1,2,3,4)  Use of zero  Translated Greek works  New paper making technique (from China)  Al-Razi (865-925) made distinction between measles and smallpox  Ibn-Sina Bukhara (980 – 1037) codified medical thought (contagious nature of tuberculosis  Algebra (830)  Hindu numbers applied to physics and astronomy (1,2,3,4)  Use of zero  Translated Greek works  New paper making technique (from China)  Al-Razi (865-925) made distinction between measles and smallpox  Ibn-Sina Bukhara (980 – 1037) codified medical thought (contagious nature of tuberculosis

31. Differences Between Spreading Islam and Other European Cultures Islam Western Europe  Assure Muslims keep mandates of Qur'an  Don’t look for territorial boundaries, looked for concentration of beliefs  Not interested in traveling to Europe  State provides peace, order and justice  Borders defined  Both began to fear contact by late 10 th century

32. Changes in the late 10 th century  Infidel  Infidel - non believer (not a nice term)  Mozarabs  Mozarabs – lived in special section of city  Buried in separate cemeteries  Can’t build churches  Can’t work with or employ Muslims  Infidel  Infidel - non believer (not a nice term)  Mozarabs  Mozarabs – lived in special section of city  Buried in separate cemeteries  Can’t build churches  Can’t work with or employ Muslims