1. Romantic Time Period (1820-1900)
Romanticism was an artistic, literary, and intellectual movement that originated in Europe toward the end of the 18th century
It was embodied most strongly in the visual arts, music, and literature, but had a major impact on historiography,[3] education[4] and the natural sciences.[5] Its effect on politics was considerable and complex; while for much of the peak Romantic period it was associated with liberalism and radicalism, in the long term its effect on the growth of nationalism was probably more significant.

2. Romantic Time Period (1820-1910)
Confusion in dates?
There is a transition time between time periods. You can see characteristics from both time periods
The Romantic era grew out of the social and political upheavals that followed the French Revolution
This new society placed a lot of emphasis on the individual (individualism)

3. What was Romanticism?
The movement placed strong emphasis on emotions such as apprehension and terror
It elevated folk art and ancient customs
It made spontaneity a desirable characteristic
Romanticism reached beyond the Classicist ideas
It attempted to embrace the exotic and unfamiliar
It harnessed the power of the imagination

4. Slogan: “Liberty, Equality, Fraternity”
What do each of these words mean?
Liberty?
Equality?
Fraternity?

5. Slogan: “Liberty, Equality, Fraternity”
What do each of these words mean?
Liberty-right to choose, Freedom
Equality – State of being equal; equal to all others in a specific group
Fraternity – brotherly love; feelings of friendship and mutual support between people

6. Romanticism in Music
The Arts mirror the profound changes that were taking place during this time period

7. Improvements to Instruments
The industrial revolution brought about means to create better instruments.
The cost to make the instruments was cheaper
More responsive instruments
Technical improvements
The addition of valves to brass instruments-made playing the instruments much easier
New instruments created
Tuba
Saxophone

8. Piano Golden age of the piano Most households had a piano
Originally called the pianoforte
because it had the ability to play both
loud (forte) and soft (piano).
Later shorted to just piano.
Piano had a cast-iron frame
Thicker strings gave it a deeper and more brilliant tone
Easier to tune. More tension on the strings.
Steinway piano company was very popular. Still is today.

9. Broadening Educational Opportunities
New conservatories were established
Conservatory-an institution or school where students are taught one of the arts, most commonly music or drama, to a professional standard
As a result of more conservatories, composers could count on having performers with greater capabilities and higher skill levels.
Could write more difficult music.

10. Orchestras Increased in size.
This gave composers a more varied and colorful means of expression
New instruments (different timbres)
Piccolo
English horn
Contrabassoon
These instruments expanded the range of the orchestra. They could play extremely high and also extremely low notes
Dynamic range increased
Added drama

11. Musical Language
Helped composers communicate their exact intentions of how the music should be played
Dolce – sweetly
Cantabile – songful
Dolente – weeping
Mesto – Sad
Maestoso – Majestic
Con Amore – with love, tenderly

12. Romantic Music Traits Tried to make the instruments “sing”
Lyrical Melodies
Emotional and Expressive
Expanded instrumental forms
A symphony by Haydn or Mozart takes about 20 minutes to perform. One by a Romantic composer may take twice as long
There was meaning behind the music
Meditations of life and death
Human destiny
God and nature
Pride in one’s country
Political struggles
Ultimate triumph over good and evil

13. Franz Schubert Born in a suburb of Vienna
Son of a schoolmaster
Learned to play the violin from his father and the piano from an older brother
Beautiful singing voice
Was a Vienna Choir boy
His teacher were astonished at his musical abilities, especially since he was very shy
He tried to follow in his father’s footsteps and become a teacher, but teaching was not for him
He found his escape through music
One of his friends commented “Everything he touched turned to song.”

14. Franz Schubert
He had a very difficult life. Suffered from syphilis and was usually pressed for money. He sold a lot of his music for less than what it was worth.
He died when he was only 31.
His dying wish was to be buried near the master he worshipped above all others –Beethoven. His wish was granted.
He wrote over 600 songs
He could write these songs very quickly. Sometimes he would write 5, 6 or 7 in a single morning.

15. Erlking Franz Schubert’s most famous song was “Erlking”
This song gave him immediate public recognition
This song is based on the legend of the “Elf King”
If the Elf King touches a human, they will die.
The Elf King seeks vengeance on humans to get revenge for his daughter.
The eerie atmosphere of the poem is immediately established by the piano.
The poem has 4 characters: the narrator, the father, the child, and the Elf King
It is all sung with the same voice. He changes his voice for each character.
The boy is terrified and the father is trying to calm him, and the Elf King is scary and dark.

16. Erlking
Who rides, so late, through night and wind? It is the father with his child. He has the boy well in his arm He holds him safely, he keeps him warm. "My son, why do you hide your face so anxiously?" "Father, do you not see the Elfking? The Elfking with crown and tail?" "My son, it's a wisp of fog." "You dear child, come, go with me! Very lovely games I'll play with you; Some colourful flowers are on the beach, My mother has some golden robes." "My father, my father, and don't you hear What the Elfking quietly promises me?" "Be calm, stay calm, my child; The wind is rustling through withered leaves."
"Do you want to come with me, pretty boy? My daughters shall wait on you finely; My daughters will lead the nightly dance, And rock and dance and sing you to sleep." "My father, my father, and don't you see there The Elfking's daughters in the gloomy place?" "My son, my son, I see it clearly: There shimmer the old willows so grey." "I love you, your beautiful form entices me; And if you're not willing, then I will use force." "My father, my father, he's grabbing me now! The Elfking has done me harm!" It horrifies the father; he swiftly rides on, He holds the moaning child in his arms, Reaches the farm with trouble and hardship; In his arms, the child was dead

17. Robert Schumann Born in Germany
His mother insisted that he attend law school. While he was in law school he decided he had a passion for music, and his ambition was to become a pianist.
He had a very late start with piano lessons and practiced intensively to make up for the missed time.
He never became the great pianist he had hoped to become. Possibly because of his late start, but he also had some physical handicap with his right hand.
Instead of becoming a pianist, he turned to composition.

18. Robert Schumann Married Clara who was a pianist
The 2 musicians worked side by side.
Clara was part of the reason he became so popular. Robert would write the music and Clara would play it on the piano.
Robert was very ill suited for public life.
He had a lot of problems such as hallucinations
In a fit a depression, he attempted suicide by throwing himself into the Rhine River.
He died at the age of 46.

19. Frederic Chopin Nickname “Poet of the Piano”
National composer of Poland
Fell in love with a novelist named George Sand
He was most productive while married to her
Eventually their relationship ran its course and they parted ways
He died of tuberculosis at the age of 39.
They played his very own “Funeral March” at his funeral.
Best known work : Nocturne in C minor

20. Musical Nationalism
Nationalism – Patriotism, proud loyalty or devotion to a nation
Nationalism in music was expressed in many ways
Songs and dance of their culture
Folklore or peasant life
Celebration of national heroes, historic events
Scenic beauty of their country
Nationalistic music was so important to the people that often times if a country had been capture or was run by another nation, they were forbidden to play their nationalistic music.
Nazi’s in WWII forbade the people of Warsaw to play Chopin’s music because of the powerful symbolism behind the words.

21. Bedrich Smetana (1824-1884) Nationalistic composer from Bohemia
(Czech Republic)
Lived while Bohemia was struggling under
Austrian rule
Wrote “Ma Vlast” (My Country)
This work was inspired by the beauty of
Bohemia’s countryside
Second Movement “The Moldau” – one of Bohemia’s rivers
Rippling streams that flow through the forest to the mighty river
Hunting scene with French horns
Peasant wedding
Fairy-tale setting
Finally approaches the capital city of Prague, it flows past the castles and fortresses
Goes out to the sea and fades away

22. Richard Wagner Most important figure in the German opera
He was mostly self-taught. He only received about 6 months of instruction in music theory
When he was 20 he abandoned his academic studies and obtained a position as chorus master in a small opera house.
Wagner did away with the old opera. He wanted to create a “continuous fabric of melody that would never allow the emotions to cool.”
The Ride of the Valkyries (German: Walkürenritt or Ritt der Walküren) is the popular term for the beginning of Act III of Die Walküre, the second of the four operas by Richard Wagner that constitute Der Ring des Nibelungen. The main theme of the Ride, the leitmotif labelled Walkürenritt, was first written down by the composer on 23 July The preliminary draft for the Ride was composed in 1854 as part of the composition of the entire opera, which was fully orchestrated by the end of the first quarter of Together with the Bridal Chorus from Lohengrin, the Ride of the Valkyries is one of Wagner's best-known pieces.
In the opera house, the Ride, which takes around eight minutes, begins in the prelude to the Act, building up successive layers of accompaniment until the curtain rises to reveal a mountain peak where four of the eight Valkyrie sisters of Brünnhilde have gathered in preparation for the transportation of fallen heroes to Valhalla. As they are joined by the other four, the familiar tune is carried by the orchestra, while, above it, the Valkyries greet each other and sing their battle-cry. Apart from the song of the Rhinemaidens in Das Rheingold, it is the only ensemble piece in the first three operas of Wagner's Ring cycle. Outside the opera house, it is usually heard in a purely instrumental version, which may be as short as three minutes.
In Norse mythology, a valkyrie (from Old Norse valkyrja "chooser of the slain") is one of a host of female figures who decide which soldiers die in battle and which live. Selecting among half of those who die in battle (the other half go to the goddess Freyja's afterlife field Fólkvangr), the valkyries bring their chosen to the afterlife hall of the slain, Valhalla, ruled over by the god Odin. There, the deceased warriors become einherjar. When the einherjar are not preparing for the events of Ragnarök, the valkyries bear them mead. Valkyries also appear as lovers of heroes and other mortals, where they are sometimes described as the daughters of royalty, sometimes accompanied by ravens, and sometimes connected to swans or horses.

23. Giuseppe Verdi
Italian Romantic composer primarily known for his operas
Guiseppe Verdi -- "Joe Green," in Italian
Born during a time of war in Italy (Napolean Bonaparte was gaining control of the area of Italy)
Italian patriot. His music became part of the Italian fight for independence and unity.

24. Peter Tchaikovsky Russian
Son of government official and also pursued a career in the government. He resigned at age 23. Entered the Conservatory at St. Petersburg
He completed his music courses in 3 years and was immediately recommended for a teaching post in the new Moscow Conservatory.
He was a very sensitive man. Suffered a lot from depression.
Music was his outlet
He considered himself a nationalistic composer. He said “I am Russian through and through!”

25. Peter Tchaikovsky Best known work is The Nutcracker
Includes many dances, especially the waltz
Many performers complained that the music was too complicated to dance to
Dance of Sugar Plum Fairy
Russian Dance
Arabian Dance
Full Ballet
Act 1: At a Christmas party
2 Children help decorate the tree
Godfather arrives with gifts, among them is a nutcracker
They go to sleep and Clara begins to dream of the nutcracker, but it is a handsome prince
Other strange things happen (mice scampering around the tree and dolls come alive to fight the mice. Clara throws a shoe at the Mouse King, and the mice run away. Clara is taken away by the handsome prince)
Act 2: Takes place in the land of sweets. Ruled by the sugar plum fairy. The prince presents Clara to his family and a celebration follows with a series of dances.