1. ECTOMYCORRIZHAE & THEIR IMPORTANCE IN FOREST ECOSYSTEM

2. GROUP MEMBERS Farah Munirah Lee May Ying Nur Athirah Nasha Allysha
Nor Zawani

3. DEFINITION
Fungi that remain extracellular, forming a sheath of hyphae around the root.
How it is differences with endomychorrizae ?
In endomychorrizae, do not form sheath around the root, the fungi penetrates the cortical cell

4. FUNGI INVOLVED Basidiomycetes (those with fruiting bodies) Toadstools
The simplest way to make ‘’ectomycorrhizae’’
[Blend with water, then spray or apply it
to the plant roots. This will help the development
& growth of the plant]

5. CHARACTERISTICS
90% of trees or plants are colonized by these fungi (most common mycorrhizae found)
defined by the presence of a Hartig net, confirmed by microscopic examination of cleared or sectioned roots
ECM roots have a modified lateral root branching pattern, consists of short mycorhizal lateral roots (called short roots) supported by a network of long roots.

6. Example of ECM short roots (arrows) of birch (Betula alleghaniensis), an angiosperm tree.

7. The fungi increase the surface area of roots from 100 to a 1,000 times, thereby greatly improving the ability of the plant to access soil resources. 
Also release powerful enzymes into the soil that dissolve hard-to-capture nutrients, such as organic nitrogen, phosphorus, iron and other "tightly bound" soil nutrients. 

8. Facilitate nutrients uptake and transfer
Nutrients (N and P) are transferred to roots
In exchange, carbohydrates are transfer to fungus

9. STRUCTURAL FEATURES
In the course of the plant-fungus interaction, aggregation of fungal hyphae results in production of rhizomorphs and production of a meshwork of hyphae forming a Hartig net

10. Hyphae
Hartig net

11. EFFECTS TO PLANT WITHOUT MYCHORRHIZAE
Retardation/slow growth of plant
Low mineralization rate of nutrient
Low resistance towars
plant disease

12. LIST OF COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE PLANTS THAT ENDO/ECTOMYCHORRHIZAE FORM WITH
Ectomycorrhizae forming plants
Endomycorrhizae forming plants
Chestnut Hazelnut Pine Spruce Walnut …
Coffee
Coconut Peanut Pear Peppers
Yam
Banana

13. Importance of ECM in Forest Ecosystem
To Summarize, the…….
Importance of ECM in Forest Ecosystem
Increase plant resistance towards plant disease.
Increase water uptake ability of plant root.
Increase the nutrient uptake by plant.
Can also improve growth of plant begin from the seedling stage (applied in reforestation).