1. The Decline of the Arab Empire: Turks, Crusaders, and Mongols

2. I.Introduction  Dissension and Crisis

3. II.The Withering of Abbasid Power A.Regional Independence 1.The Aghlabids (800-909) B.The Shi'a Challenge 1.Fatimid Egypt (909-1171)

4. II.The Withering of Abbasid Power C.Court Problems 1. Civil War (811-819) 2.Turks 3.Buyids and Seljuqs D.Impact

5. III.Origins of the Crusades A.A Brief Review of the Byzantine Empire 1.Manzikert (1071) 2.Alexius Comnenus (1081-1118) B.Urban II (r. 1088-1099) 1.Plenary Indulgences

6. IV.The Crusades A.The First Crusade (1097-1099) 1.The Sack of Jerusalem (July 1099) 2.Outremer 3.Why Successful?

7. IV.Crusades in the Holy Lands B.The Second Crusade (1145-1149) C.The Third Crusade (1188-1192) 1.Salah al-Din (1169-1193) 2.The Treaty of Jaffa (1192) 3.Results

8. IV.Crusades in the Holy Lands D.The Fourth Crusade (1198-1204) 1.The Sack of Constantinople (1204) E.The Fifth Crusade (1213-1229) F.Later Crusades

9. V.The Mongols A.The Sack of Baghdad (1258) B.Mamluk Egypt (1250-1517) 1.Battle of Ayn Jalut (1260) 2.The End of Outremer

10. VI.Results A.The Muslim Middle East B.The Byzantine Empire C.Europe

11. Urban II Calling the First Crusade

12. The First Crusade

13. Outremer

14. Crusader Castle

15. Allenby Enters Jerusalem

16. VII. Conclusion Historical Myth and Memory