1. Physiology of Urinary System

2. Function of Urinary System
Excretion of
Metabolic waste products as urea, uric acid
Drugs toxic metabolite and food additives.
2. Regulation of
Water and inorganic ion balance
Blood-osmotic pressure through filtration of the blood
Blood volume
Blood-pH (maintain the Acid-base balance)
Blood pressure through the Renin-angiotensin system
3.Retention of vital substances as glucose, proteins, ions and vitamines
4.Endocrine function through secretion of:
Erythropoietin (synthesis of erythrocytes)
Synthesis of 1,25-Dihydroxvitamin D3
5.Inactivation of
Histamine by histaminase enzymes
Organic phosphate by phosphatase enzymes
6.Synthesis of amonia, hipuric acid and glucose (gluconeogenesis)

3. Kidney Anatomy renal pyramids renal pelvis renal cortex renal capsule
renal medulla
renal capsule
ureter

4. Internal Anatomy of Kidneys:

5. Renal circulation

7. Internal Anatomy of Kidney
Arrows review basic parts
rest of picture shows details of drainage system
minor calyx accepts tip of pyramid where urine is dripping off papilla
3 minors empty into major in yellow
major empty into pelvis which is the top of the ureter
variability between kidneys

8. Renal circulation
Renal blood flow is about 20% of the COP this mean that in a person having COP about 5.5 L/min. Kidneys receive 1.1 L/min

9. Only vessels you need to know are renal A & V coming in & going out
glomerular capillaries bringing in blood to be filtered
peritubular capillaries in the cortex & vasa recta in the medulla carrying away useful substances

10. Kidneys functional unit : the nephron
Total of about 2.5 million in the 2 kidneys.
Each nephron consists of 2 functional components:
The tubular component (contains what will eventually become urine)
The vascular component (blood supply)
The mechanisms by which kidneys perform their functions depends upon the relationship between these two components.

12. Structure of Nephron
Renal Corpuscle
Tubes
Bowman’s capsule
glomerulus
Parietal layer
Bowman’s space
Visceral layer
PCT
Thick DLLH
Thin DLLH
Thin ALLH
Thick ALLH
DCT
Collecting duct
The nephron is the functional unite of the kidneys
Each human kidneys is made up of about one million nephrons
Nephron are classified according to their location into
Thick DLLH;Discending limb of loob of henel
Superficial Cortical nephron
Jaxtamedullary nephron.

13. Kidneys perform its functions through three main processes
Function of kidneys
Kidneys perform its functions through three main processes
Glomrular filtration
Tubular reabsorption
Tubular secretion

14. The three basic renal processes
Glomerular filtration
Tubular reabsorption
Tubular secretion
GFR is very high: ~180l/day. Lots of opportunity to precisely regulate ECF composition and get rid of unwanted substances.
N.B. it is the ECF that is being regulated, NOT the urine.

15. Structure of the Bowman’s (glomerular) capsule
Afferent arteriole
Parietal layer of
glomerular capsule
Juxtaglomerular
cell
Capsule
space
Proximal
convoluted
tubule
Efferent arteriole
Endothelium
of glomerulus
Podocyte
Pedicel
The glomerulus is a tuft or cluster of blood vessels from which the filtrate is formed
The glomerulus is surrounded by the bowman’s capsule and contain the bowman’s space or the renal space at which the filtrate is collected
The renal courpusle is the term indicates to the bowman’s capsule and the glomerulus

16. Function of different part of the nephron

18. Normal range of daily urine Production is about 2L stored in the UB till the time of urination
When it is completely filled, the bladder can hold approximately (500 to 530 ml) of urine