1. Presentation title slide

2. UNIT B: Human Body Systems
Chapter 8: Human Organization
Chapter 9: Digestive System
Chapter 10: Circulatory System and Lymphatic System
Chapter 11: Respiratory System
Chapter 12: Nervous System
Chapter 13: Urinary System
Chapter 14: Reproductive System: Section 14.2

3. Chapter 14: Reproductive System
UNIT B
Chapter 14: Reproductive System
Chapter 14: Reproductive System
In this chapter you will learn about the male and female reproductive systems, the ovarian and uterine cycles, and disorders of the reproductive systems.
What different events must occur before fertilization?
What is the function of the umbilical cord?
Chapter opener figure background:
The umbilical cord contains hematopoietic stem cells that can be stored and potentially used at a later date to treat some diseases. These stem cells are unspecialized cells that can divide repeatedly and eventually become red blood cells, white blood cells, or platelets.
Cord blood can be used to treat diseases such as leukemia, lymphoma, and other blood and immune system disorders. Researchers are also investigating
the possibility of using stem cells from cord blood to treat other types of diseases and conditions, such as type I diabetes, brain injury, stroke
recovery, and cardiovascular disease.
After an umbilical cord blood sample is collected, it is stored in a cord blood bank. There are both private and public banks. Public banks accept
donations and do not charge fees. The stem cells from donated cord blood at public banks are available for anyone in need. Private banks exist as for profit
businesses and charge around $1000 to $2000 for collection. In addition, they charge an annual storage fee. Cord blood stored in a private bank belongs to the parents and the newborn donor.
There are no public cord blood banks in British Columbia, but the Canadian government has launched an initiative that will fund a future national public cord blood bank. Canada’s only public cord blood bank is in Alberta. It accepts donations from across Canada.
Cord blood banking. Cord blood can be used to treat diseases such as leukemia, lymphoma, and other blood and immune system disorders. After an umbilical cord blood sample is collected, it is stored in a cord blood bank. There are both private and public banks.
TO PREVIOUS SLIDE

4. 14.2 Female Reproductive System
UNIT B
Chapter 14: Reproductive System
Section 14.2
14.2 Female Reproductive System
In the female reproductive system, the gamete is the egg or oocyte.
The oocyte is produced by oogenesis in the female gonads, the ovaries
The ovaries alternate in producing one oocyte per month
Ovulation is the process by which an oocyte bursts from an ovary and enters the oviduct
oocyte: the female gamete; also called an egg
oogenesis: the production of an egg, the female gamete
ovaries: female sex organs that produce oocytes and sex hormones
ovulation: in females, the process by which an oocyte bursts from an ovary and usually enters an oviduct
TO PREVIOUS SLIDE

5. UNIT B Chapter 14: Reproductive System Section 14.2
Figure 14.5 The female reproductive system. The ovaries release one egg a month; fertilization occurs in the oviduct, and development occurs in the uterus. The vagina is the birth canal, as well as the organ of sexual intercourse and the outlet for menstrual flow.
TO PREVIOUS SLIDE

6. Genital Tract UNIT B Oviducts (fallopian tubes)
Chapter 14: Reproductive System
Section 14.2
Genital Tract
Oviducts (fallopian tubes)
When oocyte bursts from ovary, fimbriae sweep over the ovaries to conduct the oocyte into an oviduct
The oocyte is propelled by cilia and muscle contractions toward the uterus and only lives about 6-24 hours unless fertilization occurs
Fertilization and formation of a zygote occurs in the oviduct
oviducts: transport the oocyte (egg) from the ovary to the uterus; location of fertilization; also called the fallopian tubes
fimbriae: (sing., fimbria) fingerlike projections on uterine tubes that sweep an oocyte into the tube
zygote: cell formed by the union of two gametes; the product of fertilization
TO PREVIOUS SLIDE

7. UNIT B
Chapter 14: Reproductive System
Section 14.2
The developing embryo implants in the uterine lining several days after fertilization
An ectopic pregnancy occurs when the embryo implants outside the uterus (e.g., oviduct)
Uterus (womb): lined with endometrium, which helps form the placenta; houses the developing fetus
Cervix: contains opening to uterus and connects with vagina
Vagina: serves as the birth canal, exit for menstrual flow, and facilitates sexual intercourse
uterus: a thick-walled, muscular organ in which an embryo develops and is nourished before birth
endometrium: the lining of the uterus
cervix: narrow end of the uterus, which leads into the vagina
vagina: component of the female reproduction system that serves as the birth canal; receives the penis during sexual intercourse
TO PREVIOUS SLIDE

8. UNIT B
Chapter 14: Reproductive System
Section 14.2
TO PREVIOUS SLIDE

9. External Genitals UNIT B Vulva (external female genital organs)
Chapter 14: Reproductive System
Section 14.2
External Genitals
Vulva (external female genital organs)
Labia majora: large folds of skin covered with hair
Labia minora: small folds of skin inside the labia majora
Mons pubis: fatty area underlying pubic hair
Clitoris: organ of sexual arousal
Hymen: ring of tissue that partially blocks the vagina
Figure 14.6 External genitals of the female. The opening of the vagina is partially blocked by a membrane called the hymen. Physical activities and sexual intercourse disrupt the hymen.
vulva: external genital organs of the female
clitoris: organ of sexual arousal in a female
TO PREVIOUS SLIDE

10. Orgasm in Females UNIT B During sexual stimulation:
Chapter 14: Reproductive System
Section 14.2
Orgasm in Females
During sexual stimulation:
Labia minora, vaginal wall, and clitoris become engorged with blood
Labia majora enlarge, redden, and spread away from vaginal opening
Vagina expands and elongates
Lubrication for the vagina is provided by blood vessels in the vaginal wall that release fluid and by mucus-secreting glands beneath the labia minora
Orgasm occurs at the height of sexual response; females have little or no refractory period between orgasms
TO PREVIOUS SLIDE

11. Check Your Progress UNIT B
Chapter 14: Reproductive System
Section 14.2
Check Your Progress
Explain how a tubal ligation, or cutting and sealing off the uterine tubes, prevents pregnancy.
Explain how males and females differ in the specialization of their genital tract for reproduction versus urination.
Describe the event(s) that occur during a female orgasm that may increase the chances of fertilization.
Answers
1. The uterine tubes are severed and tied off. Movement of eggs down the uterine tubes is prevented.
2. In males the urethra and external genitalia (the penis) function in both reproduction and urination. In contrast, these two systems are separate in females.
3. Contractions of the uterus may help to move some sperm from the uterus to the fallopian tubes.
TO PREVIOUS SLIDE

12. UNIT B
Chapter 14: Reproductive System
Section 14.2
TO PREVIOUS SLIDE

13. UNIT B
Chapter 14: Reproductive System
Section 14.2
TO PREVIOUS SLIDE