1. Inheritance and Subclasses CS 21a

2. 6/28/2004 Copyright 2004, by the authors of these slides, and Ateneo de Manila University. All rights reserved L16: Inheritance Slide 2 Inheritance Inheritance: an object-oriented programming language feature that allows for the definition of a class in terms of another class Another example of a class relationship (besides Aggregation and Association) In Java, use the extends keyword Promotes reusability of existing code

3. 6/28/2004 Copyright 2004, by the authors of these slides, and Ateneo de Manila University. All rights reserved L16: Inheritance Slide 3 Example: CheckingAccount Suppose we define CheckingAccount from scratch Attributes balance number of checks drawn Methods deposit withdraw get balance draw a check …others CheckingAccount int balance int numChecks int getBalance() void deposit( int amount ) void withdraw( int amount ) void drawCheck( int amount ) …others

4. 6/28/2004 Copyright 2004, by the authors of these slides, and Ateneo de Manila University. All rights reserved L16: Inheritance Slide 4 Example: CheckingAccount Resulting class is very similar to BankAccount The same as BankAccount except for an additional field and some methods Better to extend BankAccount instead

5. 6/28/2004 Copyright 2004, by the authors of these slides, and Ateneo de Manila University. All rights reserved L16: Inheritance Slide 5 BankAccount revisited public class BankAccount { private int balance = 0; public int getBalance() { return balance; } public void deposit( int amount ) { balance = balance + amount; } public void withdraw( int amount ) { balance = balance - amount; }

6. 6/28/2004 Copyright 2004, by the authors of these slides, and Ateneo de Manila University. All rights reserved L16: Inheritance Slide 6 public class CheckingAccount { private int balance = 0; private int numChecks = 0; public int getBalance() { return balance; } public void deposit( int amount ) { balance = balance + amount; } public void withdraw( int amount ) { balance = balance - amount; } public void drawCheck( int amount ) { balance = balance - amount; // or, withdraw( amount ); numChecks++; } public int numChecksDrawn() { return numChecks; } CheckingAccount.java Just like BankAccount except for the code in bold

7. 6/28/2004 Copyright 2004, by the authors of these slides, and Ateneo de Manila University. All rights reserved L16: Inheritance Slide 7 public class CheckingAccount extends BankAccount { private int numChecks = 0; public void drawCheck( int amount ) { withdraw( amount ); // can’t do balance = balance – amount; // because balance is private to BankAccount numChecks++; } public int numChecksDrawn() { return numChecks; } CheckingAccount.java Using extends Notice that (public) methods defined in BankAccount (e.g., withdraw) can be used within CheckingAccount

8. 6/28/2004 Copyright 2004, by the authors of these slides, and Ateneo de Manila University. All rights reserved L16: Inheritance Slide 8 Using CheckingAccount objects CheckingAccount mary = new CheckingAccount(); mary.deposit( 1000 ); System.out.println( “Balance: ” + mary.getBalance() ); mary.drawCheck( 100 ); System.out.println( “Balance: ” + mary.getBalance() ); System.out.println( “Checks Drawn: ” + mary.numChecksDrawn() ); Can call methods defined in BankAccount … and methods defined in CheckingAccount

9. 6/28/2004 Copyright 2004, by the authors of these slides, and Ateneo de Manila University. All rights reserved L16: Inheritance Slide 9 The inheritance relationship Use inheritance for “is-a” relationships Examples A checking account is a bank account A manager is an employee A graduate student is a student A circle is a shape Checking Account Bank Account Diagramming notation:

10. 6/28/2004 Copyright 2004, by the authors of these slides, and Ateneo de Manila University. All rights reserved L16: Inheritance Slide 10 Some terminology CheckingAccount is a subclass of BankAccount BankAccount is a superclass Inheritance relationships result in a class hierarchy Circle Shape Square Rectangle

11. 6/28/2004 Copyright 2004, by the authors of these slides, and Ateneo de Manila University. All rights reserved L16: Inheritance Slide 11 Method overriding Suppose BankAccount has a showStatus() method defined as follows: public void showStatus() { System.out.println( “Balance is ” + balance ); } CheckingAccount can redefine or override showStatus(): public void showStatus() { System.out.println( “Balance is ” + getBalance() ); System.out.println( “Checks issued:” + numChecksDrawn() ); } Calling showStatus() on a CheckingAccount object invokes the appropriate method

12. 6/28/2004 Copyright 2004, by the authors of these slides, and Ateneo de Manila University. All rights reserved L16: Inheritance Slide 12 Superclass variables for subclass objects Checking accounts are bank accounts so it is possible to have a BankAccount variable point to a CheckingAccount object But not the other way around Superclass variables can refer to subclass objects, not vice-versa  BankAccount b1 = new CheckingAccount(); (note: only methods indicated in BankAccount may be invoked through b1)  CheckingAccount b2 = new BankAccount(); (not allowed because a bank account is not necessarily a checking account)

13. 6/28/2004 Copyright 2004, by the authors of these slides, and Ateneo de Manila University. All rights reserved L16: Inheritance Slide 13 Variable vs object examples Consider the following declarations BankAccount b = new BankAccount(); - valid CheckingAccount c = new CheckingAccount(); - valid BankAccount d = new CheckingAccount(); - valid CheckingAccount f = new BankAccount(); - invalid! Which methods will the following calls invoke? b.showStatus( );- BankAccount’s c.withdraw( 100 );- BankAccount’s c.showStatus( );- CheckingAccount’s c.drawCheck( 100 );- CheckingAccount’s d.withdraw( 100 );- BankAccount’s d.showStatus( );- CheckingAccount’s d.drawCheck();- invalid! Dynamic binding: the overriden showStatus() method will be called Because there is no drawCheck() method in BankAccount

14. 6/28/2004 Copyright 2004, by the authors of these slides, and Ateneo de Manila University. All rights reserved L16: Inheritance Slide 14 Object arrays and inheritance Suppose Employee is a superclass and Manager and Secretary are subclasses of Employee An Employee array can have its elements refer to different kinds of objects Can use a for-statement to call the same method on the different objects Allows the program to view the objects in a uniform way

15. 6/28/2004 Copyright 2004, by the authors of these slides, and Ateneo de Manila University. All rights reserved L16: Inheritance Slide 15 Object arrays and inheritance null Employee[] emps; for ( int i = 0; i < 5; i++ ) { emps[i].increaseSalary( ); } 0 1 2 3 4 null emps Manager object Employee object Secretary Object Manager object Secretary Object

16. 6/28/2004 Copyright 2004, by the authors of these slides, and Ateneo de Manila University. All rights reserved L16: Inheritance Slide 16 Inheritance and constructors public class BankAccount { private int balance; public BankAccount() { balance = 0; } public BankAccount( int initBal ) { balance = initBal; } public int getBalance() { return balance; } public void deposit( int amount ) { balance = balance + amount; } public void withdraw( int amount ) { balance = balance - amount; } public class CheckingAccount extends BankAccount { private int numChecks; public CheckingAccount() { numChecks = 0; } public void drawCheck( int amount ) { withdraw( amount ); numChecks++; } public int numChecksDrawn() { return numChecks; } CheckingAccount c = new CheckingAccount(); Which of the constructors are called?

17. 6/28/2004 Copyright 2004, by the authors of these slides, and Ateneo de Manila University. All rights reserved L16: Inheritance Slide 17 Inheritance and constructors CheckingAccount = new CheckingAccount(); In the above statement, CheckingAccount’s (default) constructor is called Since CheckingAccount is a BankAccount, a BankAccount constructor should also be called Which one? Answer: the default constructor Note that BankAccount() is called before CheckingAccount() What if we want a particular constructor of a superclass called?

18. 6/28/2004 Copyright 2004, by the authors of these slides, and Ateneo de Manila University. All rights reserved L16: Inheritance Slide 18 Incorrect attempt public class CheckingAccount extends BankAccount { private int numChecks; public CheckingAccount() { numChecks = 0; } public CheckingAccount( int startBal ) { numChecks = 0; } public void drawCheck( int amount ) { withdraw( amount ); numChecks++; } public int numChecksDrawn() { return numChecks; } We want CheckingAccount c = new CheckingAccount( 1000 ); to create an account with an initial balance of 1000 This will still call BankAccount( ), not BankAccount( 1000 )

19. 6/28/2004 Copyright 2004, by the authors of these slides, and Ateneo de Manila University. All rights reserved L16: Inheritance Slide 19 Using super() public class CheckingAccount extends BankAccount { private int numChecks; public CheckingAccount() { numChecks = 0; } public CheckingAccount( int startBal ) { super( startBal ); numChecks = 0; } public void drawCheck( int amount ) { withdraw( amount ); numChecks++; } public int numChecksDrawn() { return numChecks; } super( … ) indicates which superclass constructor will be called If not indicated, it defaults to super( ) with no parameters Call to super(…) should be the first line in the subclass’ constructor Implicitly calls “super();” or BankAccount( ) Calls a particular constructor BankAccount( int )

20. 6/28/2004 Copyright 2004, by the authors of these slides, and Ateneo de Manila University. All rights reserved L16: Inheritance Slide 20 Protected access protected: another access modifier besides private and public If indicated in a superclass, protected means that the field or method is visible in subclasses but not visible elsewhere Example: in BankAccount, if balance attribute was protected instead of private, then CheckingAccount can access balance directly But outside classes still cannot access balance

21. 6/28/2004 Copyright 2004, by the authors of these slides, and Ateneo de Manila University. All rights reserved L16: Inheritance Slide 21 public class BankAccount { protected int balance = 0; public int getBalance() { return balance; } public void deposit( int amount ) { balance = balance + amount; } public void withdraw( int amount ) { balance = balance - amount; } public class CheckingAccount extends BankAccount { private int numChecks = 0; public void drawCheck( int amount ) { balance = balance – amount; // above statement is now possible // because balance is protected in BankAccount numChecks++; } public int numChecksDrawn() { return numChecks; } public class AnotherClass {... CheckingAccount c = new CheckingAccount(); c.deposit( 1000 ); // allowed because these c.drawCheck( 100 ); // methods are public c.balance = 1000000.00; // not allowed because variable is protected c.numChecks = 0; // not allowed because variable is private... }

22. 6/28/2004 Copyright 2004, by the authors of these slides, and Ateneo de Manila University. All rights reserved L16: Inheritance Slide 22 Summary Use inheritance for similar types of objects Common characteristics and behavior are placed in the superclass Subclasses share or inherit superclass’ characteristics and behavior Use protected modifier to get direct access Behavior can be overridden Use super(…) to ensure the correct superclass constructor is called In Java there are other options To be taken up in CS 21b Abstract classes, Interfaces and implements