1. By: Laura Clibon & Sarah Park

2. Introduction Vygotsky’s Bruner Krashen Behaviorist Cognitivist
Zone of Proximal Development
Bruner
Scaffolding
Krashen
Theory of Second Language Acquisition
Behaviorist
Skinner
Cognitivist
Multiple Intelligence
Language Development
Venn Diagram

3. Vygotsky
Students have different rates of acquisition when it comes to learning new material
We can see this in EL learners since they are learning new material in an unfamiliar language
Second language learners will eventually learn new material, but it’s time
Scaffolding will help EL students learn new information

4. Vygotsky’s Zone of Proximity
(Simply Psychology, 2010)

5. Bruner: Scaffolding
“Scaffolding refers to a variety of instructional techniques used to move students progressively toward stronger understanding and, ultimately, greater independence in the learning process.” (Education Reform, 2013)
Five Criteria for Effective Scaffolding:
Student ownership of the learning event
Appropriateness of the instructional task
Structure learning environment
Shared responsibility
Transfer of control
(Oxford Journal, 1993)

6. Krashen: Theory of Second Language Acquisition
“Krashen believes that there is no fundamental difference between the way we acquire our first language and our subsequent languages. He claims that humans have an innate ability that guides the language learning process.” (Frankfurt International School, 2014)
Krashen’s 5 Hypotheses:
The Acquisition-Learning Hypothesis
The Natural Order Hypothesis
The Monitor Hypothesis
The Input Hypothesis
The Affective Filter Hypothesis

7. Krashen’s Hypotheses The Acquisition-Learning Hypothesis
Learning a new language through sub-conscious process & through language lessons
The Natural Order Hypothesis
Predictable order for grammar acquisitions
The Monitor Hypothesis
Relationship between learning through acquisition and learning through language lessons
The Input Hypothesis
Acquiring a new language through exposure
The Affective Filter Hypothesis
Cannot acquire language acquisition if input is filtered out due to anxiety, low motivation, or poor self esteem.
(Frankfurt International School, 2014)

8. Behaviorist: Skinner
Skinner believed that language development was impacted by environmental influence.
“Skinner argued that children learn language based on behaviorist reinforcement principles by associating words with meanings. Correct utterances are positively reinforced when the child realizes the communicative value of words and phrases. For example, when the child says ‘milk’ and the mother will smile and give her some as a result, the child will find this outcome rewarding, enhancing the child's language development (Ambridge & Lieven, 2011).” (Simply Psychology, 2012)

9. References
Education Reform. (2013, February 3). Scaffolding Definition - The Glossary of Education Reform. Retrieved from
Frankfurt International School. (2014). ESL workshop: Scaffolding theory. Retrieved from
Frankfurt International School. (2014). An introduction to the work of Stephen Krashen. Retrieved from
Oxford Journal. (1993, August). Key concepts in ELT. Retrieved from
Simply Psychology. (2010). Zone of Proximal Development [Photography]. Retrieved from
Simply Psychology. (2012). Language Acquisition Theory | Simply Psychology. Retrieved from