1. Compared to p waves and s waves, surface waves move a.Faster b.Slower c.At the same rate d.Farther from the epicenter

2.  Good: Very Creative, even the PowerPoints, lots of great visuals Bad: Some parts of the rubric were missing, too many people didn’t have it done on time. Some plagiarizing Part 1 Project

3.  Everyday, it’s 10 points off! Please, please don’t do this to yourself! Late Policy

4.   You may add missing parts (zeroes on any section)  You will only get half the points back  Next time, no deal!!! A deal……

6.  From Bedrock to Soil  The source of soil  Soil – a loose mixture of rock fragments, organic material, water, and air that can support the growth of vegetation  Soil is made from weathered rock fragments, the type of soil that forms depends on the type of rock that weathers  Parent rock – a rock formation that is the source of soil  Bedrock – the layer of rock beneath soil

7.   Soil Properties  Soil Texture and Soil Structure  Soil Fertility  Humus – dark, organic material formed in soil from the decayed remains of plants and animals  Soil Horizons – soil often ends up in a series of layers, with humus-rich soil on top, sediment below that, and bedrock on the bottom  Horizon tells you the layer the rock is in horizontal  Top layer of soil is often called topsoil and contains more humus than the layers below  Soil pH

8.  Soil Conservation  Soil conservation – is the method to maintain the fertility of the soil by protecting the soil from erosion and nutrient loss  The importance of soil – soil provides minerals and other nutrients for plants and all animals get their energy from plants  Housing – soil provides a place for animals to live  Water Storage – without soil to hold water, plants would not get the moisture of the nutrients they need. Soil also keeps water from running off

9.   Soil Damage and Loss – can be caused by overuse, poor farming techniques or overgrazing  Soil Erosion – the process by which wind, water, ice, or gravity transport soil and sediment from one location to another  Contour Plowing and Terracing  Contour Plowing – plowing across the slope of hills  Terracing – changing one steep field into a series of smaller flatter fields  Cover Crop and Crop Rotation  Cover crops – crops that are planted between harvest to replace certain nutrients and prevent erosion  Crop rotation – planting different crops

11. Without soil, life on earth would be very different.  Imagine no plants that grew in soil.  No animals that grazed on plants.  Where would we get our food?  What would we eat?  What do you think?

12. Much of the life on earth depends on soil. Soil is made of weathered rock and decayed parts of plants and animals. Soil provides the nutrients needed by most plants to grow. http://tiee.ecoed.net Photo: A. Criminger

13. The first step is for bedrock to be broken down by weathering. This weathering can happen by wind, water, or changes in temperature. WindWaterTemperature Copyright © Bruce Molnia, Terra Photographics Copyright © Marli Miller, University of OregonUniversity of Oregon Photo: A Criminger

14. Organisms such as bacteria and fungi begin to grow in the broken down bedrock. http://waterandlife.org/MicroBiota.htm Soil bacteria (Image: USDA) Soil fungi These organisms live and die providing the soil with nutrients that other plants need to grow!

15. 1. Rock particles 2. Minerals 3. Decayed plant and animal material 4. Air 5. Water

16. http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/10t.html

17.  WHICH SOIL WILL BE MORE FERTILE? OR The rainforest The desert

18. Air Spaces are important in a healthy soil because:  They allow for the circulation of water and air.  A healthy soil has about 50% water and 50% air spaces.

19.  5 FACTORS AFFECT SOIL FORMATION 1.CLIMATE 2.PLANTS AND ANIMALS 3.PARENT MATERIAL 4.TOPOGRAPHY 5.TIME

20. CLIMATE  Climate is: + TemperatureRainfall

21. TEMPERATURE  Warmer climates cause more rapid decay of organic material. They have better soils.  Cooler climates have less decay of organic material. They have poorer soils.

22. PRECIPITATION  Some water is good, but too much water is bad for soils.  Leaching – When the soil has too much water and it washes away the nutrients.

23. PLANTS AND ANIMALS 1.Affect soil formation by providing nutrients from decaying bodies 2.Plants help to retain water so soil doesn’t wash away. 3.Earthworms and other animals help to mix up the soil so it has air pockets.

24.  Mole Earthworm

25.  PARENT MATERIAL 1.The original “rock” before the soil was formed. 2.The type of minerals present determine the type of soil and the types of plants that will grow in that soil

26.  TOPOGRAPHY Hilly lands are less fertile because water runs downhill and carries nutrients away Flat lands are more fertile because water doesn’t wash away as much

27. Which land below will have better soils? or

28.  The flat land

29. TIME  The more time a soil has to develop, the healthier it will be.

30. This is called a soil profile! http://epod.usra.edu

31. O – organic material on the surface A – Topsoil high in organic material. Where insects and worms live among the shallow plant roots. B – Subsoil that is high in clay and minerals. Deep roots reach into the subsoil. C – This layer is made of broken bedrock and contains less nutrients Each layer of a soil profile is called a horizon. R – This layer is made of bedrock and contains large, unbroken rock.

32. North Georgia soil profile http://www.ga.nrcs.usda.gov/technical/soils/red.html Not all Georgia soils are red, but many of them are. The State is well known for its abundance of "Georgia Red Clay". People often ask why the soils are red. The red color that is so evident in Georgia soils is due primarily to iron oxides. Georgia soil is red because the iron in it has bonded with oxygen forming molecules of “rust.”

33. In the 1930’s, farmers removed all the grasses holding the soil in place. After a drought, the wind blew all the topsoil away. Millions of people were affected. This event was called the “Dust Bowl.” http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov

34.  O HORIZON The O Horizon contains layers of O rganic material, such as leaves, pine needles and twigs and decaying animal tissues.

35.  A HORIZON The dark color of the A Horizon is from the mixing of Humus (Organic Matter) with weathered minerals.

36.  E Horizon E Horizon: E stands for “ eluviation,” which is the movement of dissolved or suspended materials out of the A Horizon. It is lighter in color than the layers above or below it.

37.  B HORIZON B Horizon: Commonly called Subsoil. The illuviated zone, where containing soil materials leached from above. Color: yellow or red.

38.  C HORIZON C Horizon: Partially weathered parent material and mineral particles are in this horizon.

39.  R HORIZON R Horizon: Unaltered bedrock within a few feet of the surface. Common in Missouri. (Dolomite, dolostone, or limestone.) Typically requires blasting to dig through.

40.  In the Real World: Soil Profiles are as different as People are different! Every state has dozens of Soil Profiles. Cole County has seven main soil profiles alone! Everyone one of them is different.

41. Put your best game face on !