1. UNIT #5 – PROGRESSIVE MOVEMENT LESSON #4 – Taft Reforms (172-174)

2. LESSON #3 – TR as President VOCABULARY William Jennings Bryan (172) Payne-Aldrich Tariff (173) Insubordination (173) Children’s Bureau (174) ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS 7. How was Taft a worse progressive than TR? 8. How was Taft a BETTER progressive than TR?

3. Child Labor At a Georgia cotton mill in 1909, two boys keep a spinning machine running by repairing broken thread and replacing bobbins as they are filled. Even though many child labor laws were in place at the state and local level, they were often ignored. This was especially true in rural areas. In mills, mines, and fields, children as young as 6 years old would often work 68 to 72 hours a week. Some children were so small they had to balance on part of the machine to be able to reach the spools. Children worked on machines with many moving parts, such as this spinning machine. Injuries were common, including the loss of fingers, toes, and limbs.

4. What should be done to protect Children? What would be an appropriate law to fix this problem? How would this issue lead to mandatory public education for all kids?

5. Taft became President, 1908 TR had been President for almost two full terms – he felt that was enough TR had championed his "Square Deal"Square Deal –fairness for the average citizen –breaking of trusts –regulation of railroads –pure food and drugs –making conservation a top priority –Naval strength – BIG STICK DIPLOMACY (Great White Fleet) –Panama Canal –Peace deal to end Russo-Japanese War TR chose his Sec. of War (and BFF) to replace him Taft easily won against William Jennings Bryan (lost for 3 rd time) Teddy then went on safari in Africa

6. Payne-Aldrich Tariff Taft got to work continuing TR’s policies First up: lowering tariffs –Progressives liked low tariffs –Conservatives liked high tariffs TR warned Taft to avoid discussing tariffs Why would discussing this issue matter? (173) –It would divide the Republican party What did the Payne-Adrich Tariff actually do? –It actually hardly cut tariffs, and even raised them on some goods Teddy was disappointed started losing faith in Taft

7. Taft’s betrayal of Progressivism Teddy would be even more disappointed with this next Taft move Taft hired a guy named Ballinger as Secretary of Interior What did Ballinger try to do? (173) Ballinger tried to open a million acres of public lands for private development

8. What issues do you see here? List the problems…

9. Children were handy in that their small statures were useful to fixing machinery and navigating the small areas that fully grown adults could not. Children were often hired together with their parents. As the United States industrialized, factory owners hired young workers for a variety of tasks.

10. Child Labor The National Child Labor Committee formed in 1904. It was dedicated to the abolition of all child labor, was formed in 1904. These laws were often paired with compulsory education laws, designed to keep children in school and out of the paid labor market until a specified age. They published information on the lives and working conditions of young workers. Their muckraking helped to mobilize popular support for state-level child labor laws.

11. Child Labor The first laws were not introduced until 1916. The only US federal Child Labor Law was the first child labor law was struck down after two years by the Supreme Court In 1924, Congress tried to create a constitutional amendment to end child labor. This measure was blocked, and the bill was eventually dropped. It took the Great Depression of the 1930s to finally end child labor nationwide; adults had become so desperate for jobs that they would work for the same wage as children.

12. Taft’s achievements What two progressive things did Taft do more of than TR had? (p. 174) 1.Twice as many anti-trust cases as TR 2.Investigated and publicized problems with Child Labor Taft was also still a conservationist TR saw Taft as screwing with progressive ideals Example: Taft’s anti-trust focus was unraveling TR’s regulation methods

13. Taft became the enemy TR had hand selected Taft for President Within two years, TR saw Taft had betrayed his 7 years of progressive work Finally, TR decided Taft had to go TR planned to unseat Taft in the Primary Election of 1912 What if Taft refused to step down? (opnion) They could split the Republican Party