1. Quartz Plates R&D Status By F. Duru, S. Ayan, U. Akgun, J. Olson, Y. Onel The University Of Iowa V.Podrasky, C. Sanzeni, D.R.Winn Fairfield University

2. F. Duru, U of Iowa, HCAL Fall Meeting at Fermilab, 11/13/04 2 Quartz Plates as Radiation-Hard Detectors As a solution to the radiation damage problem of HE Scintillators, we propose to use quartz plates. Quartz plates will not be affected by high radiation, but with quartz the light is from Cerenkov radiation. The Challenge: To develop a highly efficient method for collecting Cerenkov light in quartz. With the quartz plates, we propose to collect photons in the range from 400 to 200 nm and re-radiate them as blue at ~420 nm.

3. F. Duru, U of Iowa, HCAL Fall Meeting at Fermilab, 11/13/04 3 What do we have so far.. Original HE Tiles along with waveshifting fibers UVT Plates from GE Polymershapes Cheaper, same refractive index as quartz, easy to machine. We purchased 2 thicknesses: 3mm – 6mm. Put keyhole shaped grooves, with different geometries. Waveshifting fiber from Saint-Gobain We use UV absorbing, blue emitting waveshifting fibers to collect Cerenkov light from plates. UV Reflecting material (Tyvek, or Mylar) to wrap the plates

4. F. Duru, U of Iowa, HCAL Fall Meeting at Fermilab, 11/13/04 4 What do we have so far.. Quartz Tube filled with UV absorbing waveshifting fluid Quartz Plates from Pacific Quartz Company We have 3 (6 x 200 x 200) mm GE quartz plates, UV cutoff at about 230nm. 1 tested at Fermilab (Aug. `04). Grooved Quartz Plates from Polymicro 6(2 x 100 x 100) mm quartz plates, arrived in Oct. `04 Grooved to hold fibers (3 shapes : Y, HE Geo, S) High OH (same material as HF quartz fibers!!)

5. F. Duru, U of Iowa, HCAL Fall Meeting at Fermilab, 11/13/04 5 Fiber Geometries on Plates HE GeometryS-ShapeY-Shape O-ShapeS&O ShapePEACE Shape

6. F. Duru, U of Iowa, HCAL Fall Meeting at Fermilab, 11/13/04 6 6mm UVT Plates

7. F. Duru, U of Iowa, HCAL Fall Meeting at Fermilab, 11/13/04 7 Tyvek/Light Sealed Plates

8. F. Duru, U of Iowa, HCAL Fall Meeting at Fermilab, 11/13/04 8 Tests Performed At Cern - July `04 2 UVT plates: Y (3mm) and S+HE Geometries Combo 100 GeV electron beam At Fermilab - August `04 6 different geometries, 2 different thickness of UVT, GE Quartz Plate has been tested. 120 GeV proton beam at 45 & 90 degrees. We used Hamamatsu R7525 PMT (regular HF PMT) At the U of Iowa - August `04 – present Surface scans of all quartz plates with radioactive Sources Co 60 (5μCu), Cs 137 (7 mCu)

9. F. Duru, U of Iowa, HCAL Fall Meeting at Fermilab, 11/13/04 9 Test at Cern UVT plates, with 100 GeV electron beam… We saw the signal : Y-Shape, 3mm UVT, 100 GeV electron3mm S-shape + 3mm HE-geometry UVT

10. F. Duru, U of Iowa, HCAL Fall Meeting at Fermilab, 11/13/04 10 Tests at FNAL We tested HE Scintillator, UVT Plates and GE-Quartz plate in M-Test area at FNAL, Aug`04, with 120 GeV Proton beam

11. F. Duru, U of Iowa, HCAL Fall Meeting at Fermilab, 11/13/04 11 Geant4 Simulations We are simulating a hadron calorimeter with quartz and scintillating plates using Geant4 (Currently with LHEP physics list, QGSP will be done,too): GEANT4: C++ version of the detector simulation tool kit GEANT3. LHEP: GEANT4 physics list constructed from parameterizations of data from experiments. QGSP: GEANT4 physics list constructed from theoretical models.

12. F. Duru, U of Iowa, HCAL Fall Meeting at Fermilab, 11/13/04 12 19 Layers of 50mm Cu + 4mm Scintillator or Quartz 1m x 1m Box Cerenkov photons on fixed angle Geant4 Simulations 10 GeV Pion beam

13. F. Duru, U of Iowa, HCAL Fall Meeting at Fermilab, 11/13/04 13 We also simulate the FNAL Test Beam 10000 events for 6 different iron absorber thicknesses and two quartz plate thicknesses for: Proton and pion at 120GeV and electron at 100 GeV. Geant4 Simulations 3mm Quartz Plate5mm Quartz Plate

14. F. Duru, U of Iowa, HCAL Fall Meeting at Fermilab, 11/13/04 14 Simulations We also simulated 10000 events for scintillator. So far we used 120 GeV proton beam for three different absorber thicknesses. Scintillator thickness is 0.4cm. Absorber thickness 5mm quartz plate 3mm quartz plate 17.8 cm2.14 %1.32 % 22.8 cm2.15 %1.28 % 28 cm2.11 %1.26 %

15. F. Duru, U of Iowa, HCAL Fall Meeting at Fermilab, 11/13/04 15 Future plans Fermilab test beam, Jan 2005 New plates coming - Solarization plates “UV radiation <300nm degrades transmission in standard silica fibers resulting in solarization. Solarization resistant fiber maximizes UV throughput. UV – Visible (190 - 800 nm)” –100 X 100 X 2mm high OH solarization plates –100 X 100 X 2mm medium OH solarization plates Radiation tests are performed on solarization fibers in Aug-Sep ’04, at Argonne. We don’t have the results yet…

16. F. Duru, U of Iowa, HCAL Fall Meeting at Fermilab, 11/13/04 16 Future plans SLAC Test Beam, June 2005. Surface scans continue at Iowa and Fairfield UV laser spot (i)Rayleigh Scattering, (ii)surface roughened spots on bottom, (iii) edge illumination Geant4 simulations continue. New quartz tubes and capillaries -20 cm long quartz tube, 1mm inner, 3mm outer radius, one end sealed, the other is open with waveshifting liquid in it. -Fairfield- core wavelength shifting liquids based on n=1.55 benzyl alcohol. - Liquid Chromatography Quartz Capillaries Core ID = 300  m, Wall thick=20  m - Flexible!

17. F. Duru, U of Iowa, HCAL Fall Meeting at Fermilab, 11/13/04 17 Future Plans (cont.) New tech ideas: - We located new sapphire fibers producer impurity dopants (ex: Ti) for WLS under consideration. Length 2-4m, NA 0.12 Core sizes 150, 250, 325 and 425 micrometer - ZnO(Ga) Fibers – Scintillator & WLS ZnO(Ga) rad-hard - used as phosphor 30% scint.   Decay Constant 0.6 ns; =375nm 1960’s ZnO fibers competed w/ glass fibers (GE, Corning, AT&T)

18. F. Duru, U of Iowa, HCAL Fall Meeting at Fermilab, 11/13/04 18 Future Plans (cont.) New tech ideas (cont): - Porous Alumina (boehmite) Cladding (high NA) 50 nm pores; 85% air, n=1.31, rad-hard Formed by proper anodization of thin Al films Can be used as cladding on quartz or plastic - Impurity Dopants for Quartz Fiber WLS Ti - see U. Miss - L.Cremaldi - Methods to pull plastic WLS fibers through Quartz Plates