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Phrases & Clauses What are they? How are they different?
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The main difference: Phrases DO NOT have BOTH a subject & a verb Clauses DO HAVE BOTH a subject & a verb
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PHRASES: 4 Types No Subject & Verb
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1: Prepositional Phrase Prepositional Phrase = Preposition + Noun from the house = from ( prep) + (noun ) the house He ran quickly from the house. behind a rock = behind ( prep) + (noun ) a rock I saw my teacher behind a rock.
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Click to edit the outline text format Second Outline Level Third Outline Level Fourth Outline Level Fifth Outli ne Level Sixth Outli ne Level Seve nth Outli ne Level Eight h Outli ne Level Ninth Outline LevelClick to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level » Fifth level during the movie about his messy room around the track and near the field 1: Prepositional Phrase
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2: Participial Phrase A participle is a verb used as another part of speech. Participles are easy to recognize: they end in –ing or –ed. For example: running water, baked apples, loving husband, loaded gun, etc…
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Click to edit the outline text format Second Outline Level Third Outline Level Fourth Outline Level Fifth Outli ne Level Sixth Outli ne Level Seve nth Outli ne Level Eight h Outli ne Level Ninth Outline LevelClick to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level » Fifth level looking closely, staying up all night studying the History book 2: Participial Phrase More examples:
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3: Infinitive Phrase To + verb = Infinitive phrase If you have ever studied a foreign language, you might remember that verbs are always studied w/the infinitive first: to love (the infinitive form) I love you love he/she/it loves we love you love they love
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3: Infinitive Phrase cont’d Infinitive phrases begin with the infinitive form of the verb Examples: to run a mile to start over to do homework all night to win the contest to wake up early
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4: Noun Phrases Adjective + Noun = Noun Phrase The tall building A smoky, crowded room Screaming, half-naked toddlers Nests of yellow and red striped snakes
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Now for a small warning…
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One word can make phrases a little tricky: to
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The tricky “to” The word “ to ” is found in BOTH prepositional and infinitive phrases
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CAUTION--Don’t mix these up! to the football stadium (prepositional) to the teacher ( prepositional ) to run a mile to finish my homework Prepositional Phrases: Infinitive Phrases:
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Clauses: 3 types Have BOTH Subject & Verb
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Independent Clause ( aka: SENTENCE or MAIN CLAUSE ) Clause #1:
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Independent Clause Independent clauses have a subject & verb and can stand alone. Examples: The doctor finished the examination. Students leave campus after class.
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dependent Clause ( aka: the ”Cliffhanger” ) Clause #2:
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Dependent Clause Dependent clauses have subjects & verbs, but they cannot stand alone
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Dependent Clause Dependent clauses usually begin with subordinating conjunctions such as although, because, when, since, if, unless… Examples: Because I left early If we find my notebook Subordinating conjunction subject verb …
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Dependent Clauses Dependent clauses require a complete thought to make them complete… Written alone, dependent clauses create suspense for what’s to come…like a “ cliffhanger ”:
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Dependent Clauses Example of a dependent clause: Because a rattlesnake has made a home under our bed…
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Dependent Clauses Dependent clauses often begin or end sentences: Because a rattlesnake has made a home under our bed… ( dependent clause ) + We purchased a mongoose to sleep with us. ( sentence/main clause )
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Dependent Clauses Because a rattlesnake has made a home under our bed, we purchased a mongoose to sleep with us.
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Dependent Clauses We purchased a mongoose to sleep with us because a rattlesnake has made a home under our bed.
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Examples of Dependent Clauses Although I spent three hours studying, Because the children had hidden the key, ( Note how each of these requires something to follow it. )
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Examples of Dependent Clauses If students sign up early, Unless the weather prevents travel, When everyone finished dinner, ( Note how each of these requires something to follow it. )
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Examples of Dependent Clauses After the schedule is published, Before a hurricane hits an area, ( Note how each of these requires something to follow it. )
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Relative Clause ( who, Which, That ) Clause #3:
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Relative Clauses Relative clauses are easy to recognize. They begin with WHO, WHICH, or THAT.
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Relative Clauses They are not questions, but part of sentences.
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Relative Clauses Examples: Martin, who usually finishes first, was unable to beat my record. Pasta, which used to be included in most diets, has been replaced by high-protein foods. Toys that the dog chewed up must be thrown away.
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Now for another small warning…
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2 words can make clauses a little tricky: Before After
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CAUTION--Don’t mix these up! before and after can appear in either prepositional phrases or dependent clauses.
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CAUTION--Don’t mix these up! Prepositional phrases: after the storm before the alarm after lunch before my nap after work before the holiday
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CAUTION--Don’t mix these up! Dependent clauses: after the storm ended before the alarm rang after we left work before the doctor arrived after I received your call before the judge makes his ruling
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Phrase & Clause Review
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Q: What is the main difference between phrases & clauses?
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Phrase & Clause Review Answer: Phrases do not have both a subject and a verb… Clauses have both a subject and a verb.
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Phrase Review Prepositional: above the clouds near my house along the shore
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Phrase Review Participial: leaving work early sleeping until noon celebrating the holidays filled with liquid
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Phrase Review Infinitive: to walk the dog to play the piano to watch our favorite TV show
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Phrase Review Noun Phrases: a blue glass fifty wild iguanas a comfortable bed
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Clause Review Independent/Main Clause: ( Sentence ) Broccoli is my favorite food.
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Clause Review Dependent Clause : Because broccoli is my favorite food Clause Review
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Relative Clause: which is my favorite food
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Be sure to know your phrases & clauses! Now it's time for you to practice !
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