1. Exercise Science Section 2: The Skeletal System

2. Characteristics of the Skeleton
206 bones
Hard and rigid but somewhat elastic
Highly resistant to tension and compression

3. Role of the Skeleton
Protection - protects delicate parts of the body (brain, heart and lungs)
Framework – skeleton offers structural support and supports soft tissues such as muscle
Attachments for muscles – muscles attach to bones by tendons; muscles contract and move bones to facilitate movement
Storehouse for essential nutrients – provides a reservoir body and be called upon in order to regulate the level of Ca, P, Mg, Na
Blood-cell formation – blood cells and platelets are made in bones

4. About Bone …
Composed of 50% water and 50% organic and inorganic material
Elements include: phosphorous, zinc, calcium, magnesium, fluorine, iron, chlorine
Bound by joints (through ligaments)
Muscles attach to bone (through tendons) to produce movement

5. Axial vs. Appendicular Skeleton
The axial skeleton consists of 80 bones:
Spine, skull, rib cage
Protects internal structures
Origin of muscles
The appendicular skeleton consists of 126 bones:
Arms, legs, pelvic and shoulder girdle
Key role in movement
Insertion of most muscles
Axial (80) + Appendicular (126) = 206 bones

6. Five Types of Bones Long Found in arms and legs Short
Found in wrists and ankles
Flat
Bones of the skull
Irregular
Bones of the vertebrae
Sesamoid
Wrapped within tendons (patella)

7. Effects of Aging – Skeletal System
Remodelling declines from fourth decade onward
Process of bone remodelling reverses – resorption occurs
Results in a 5–0% loss in bone mass per subsequent decade
Affects overall calcium levels in the body
Osteoporosis (low bone mass and deterioration of the bone tissue) may result from resorption
Leads to bone fragility
Increased susceptibility to bone fractures
Preventative measures include:
Balanced diet rich in calcium and vitamin D, and a healthy lifestyle
Weight-bearing exercises
Bone density testing and medication when appropriate

8. Human Skeleton Anterior view
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9. Human Skeleton Posterior view
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10. The Skull – Anterior View
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11. The Skull – Lateral View
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12. The Vertebral Column – Lateral View
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13. Thoracic Cage – Anterior View
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14. Thoracic Cage – Posterior View
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This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.

15. Left Scapula – Anterior View
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This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.

16. Left Scapula – Lateral View
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17. Left Scapula – Posterior View
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18. Left Humerus – Anterior View
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19. Left Humerus – Posterior View
Head
Deltoid tuberosity
Shaft
Olecranon fossa
Lateral epicondyle
Medial epicondyle
Trochlea
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20. Left Ulna – Anterior View
Olecranon
Olecranon process
Trochlear (semilunar) notch
Coronoid process
Radial notch of ulna
Ulna tuberosity
Styloid process of ulna
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21. Left Radius – Anterior View
Head
Radial tuberosity
Styloid process of radius
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22. Left Hand – Anterior View
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23. Pelvis (Male) – Anterior View
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24. Pelvis (Male) – Posterior View
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25. Right Femur – Anterior View
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26. Right Femur – Posterior View
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27. Right Fibula and Tibia – Anterior View
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28. Right Foot – Superior View
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