1. EXPECTATIONS – Turn up to lessons, absence will reflect in your A – Level grade. Work missed will need to be caught up and it is your responsibility to obtain handouts and notes. Complete the reference reading prior to the relevant lesson. Complete all homework to a high standard and on time. Get yourself a folder and keep organised. 1. Read the scheme of learning…………………………….. T. ORFORD

2. 1.Understand the theories of personality, learning theories and their characteristics. 2.Understand the role that psychology and the use of the mind has prior to, during and after sports performance. 3.Be able to apply the theories to specific situations, realising the strengths and weaknesses of different approaches. 4. Be able to make relevant synoptic links. T. ORFORD

3. Personality is……….“The sum total of an individual’s psychological characteristics which make him or her unique.” 1.What is personality? Write down your own definition. 2.How do you think our personalities are formed? 3.What effects how are personality develops?

4. T. ORFORD 1. With a partner, choose 1 sports person each and describe to them why you think their psychological make up makes them successful? 2.Make a note of each others responses to this question jotting down any key characteristics that are being identified! 3.Can you think of a sports person who has the opposite characteristics to those that you have mentioned but is equally as successful?

5. T. ORFORD This approach recognises 2 distinct personality types, each of which highlights their own characteristics. TYPE A CHARACTERISTICS: HIGHLY COMPETITIVE STRONG DESIRE TO SUCCEED WORKS FAST LIKES TO CONTROL PRONE TO SUFFER STRESS TYPE B CHARACTERISTICS: NON-COMPETITIVE UNAMBITIOUS WORKS MORE SLOWLY DOES NOT ENJOY CONTROL LESS PRONE TO STRESS Which of the above characteristics are most common with the sports person you identified? Which of the above characteristics do you demonstrate predominantly?

6. T. ORFORD 1.There are 3 sports people below who display significantly different characteristics to the rest, who are they and why do you think this?! Monty Panesar Sven Goran Eriksson Paula Radcliffe Amir Kahn Tiger Woods Martin Johnson Ronnie O’Sullivan Steve Redgrave Stephen Hendry Kevin Pietersen Anna Kournikova Tanni-Grey Thomson John Terry Kelly Holmes Jose Mourinho

7. T. ORFORD If you identified the 3 below as sports people who all display more type ‘B’ characteristics than type ‘A’ then well done! Sven is more of a strategist, taking his time to work through things. As a result he works more slowly and is less prone to stress. Kournikova appears to be less competitive as she concentrates on commercial modelling rather than tennis. Like Sven, Stephen is a thinker and is reserved in his approach in comparison with Ronnie O’Sullivan. Sven Goran Eriksson Anna Kournikova Stephen Hendry

8. T. ORFORD Why do you think there were only 3 out of 15 successful sports people with type ‘B’ characteristics? So……..how can we develop these characteristics or are they pre - defined, already existing, non – changeable features of our personality? 1.Discuss with your partner whether you think you can change the way you are born!?

9. T. ORFORD “ Traits are innate characteristics and are thought to be relatively stable. They are highly consistent attributes that exert a widely generalised casual effect on behaviour.” For Example; Outgoing, Aggressive, Tense, Shy, Relaxed, Sensitive etc. Traits can be arranged in hierarchical order. The stronger the trait, the more dominant the behaviour. Trait theory does not believe that the situation or environment has any bearing on a persons behaviour. Behaviour is said to be consistent. Trait theory attempts to predict behaviour.

10. HOMEWORK 1.Additional Reading - Davis pages 310 – 316. - Honeybourne pages 259 – 262. - Wesson pages 546 – 555. 2. Do you agree that people with certain personality characteristics are more suited to taking part in certain sports? Why/Why not? 3. Can you think of 2 people in the same sport that have similar characteristics? 4. Think of 2 people in the same sport with contrasting personalities? T. ORFORD

11. Supported Catell’s theory but stated that traits most likely to be displayed should be know as personality. Personality types are arranged on 2 dimensions. – Introvert/Extrovert – Stable/Neurotic.

12. T. ORFORD Eysenck’s 2 dimensions; INTROVERTEXTROVERT STABLE NEUROTIC

13. T. ORFORD Said to achieve more in higher arousal situations. Prefer team oriented situations. Like activities which involve gross motor skills. Prefer activities which are less continuous eg.marathon could be demotivating & become bored. Extrovert behaviour is loud, bright & outgoing. 1. Can you think of an example of a sports person who is extroverted? Freddy Flintoff

14. T. ORFORD High levels of excitation. Tend not to need added stimulation & excitement. Prefer to take part in activities requiring more precision eg. Archery. Introvert behaviour is shy, quiet & reserved. 1.Can you think of an example of a sports person who is introverted? Michael Schumacher

15. T. ORFORD Stable behaviour is consisitent and predictable. Neurotic behaviour is unstable, varied and extreme Eric Cantona Johnny Wilkinson

16. T. ORFORD Personalities can be placed anywhere on the continuum. INTROVERTEXTROVERT STABLE NEUROTIC Can you think of sport people for all of the above personality types? Using the handout, plot where you think your personality fits on then continuum.

17. T. ORFORD Unlike Trait Theory, Social Learning Theory suggests that rather than being born with characteristics we learn them from other people, especially from those we hold in high esteem. i.e. – Parents, Coaches, Role Models, Friends and other significant others. Behaviour changes depending on the situation and is therefore a product of our interaction with the environment. “Personality is learnt by observational learning, modelling and intimidating behaviour, and through experience. Psychological functioning occurs as a result of environmental determinants affecting behaviour.”

18. T. ORFORD Demonstration – Important to observe performance. Attention – look carefully for detail of movement. Retention – remember the demo AND the teaching points / error correction. Motor Reproduction – demo is only of use if observers can attempt a successful performance. Motivation – the performer must be motivated to perform the action. Matching Performance – the performer attempts to match the demo and to improve it.

19. T. ORFORD 1. Can you think of any environmental factors that have effected your behaviour? a.) b.) c.) d.) e.) f.) g.) h.) i.) j.)

20. T. ORFORD Combines trait theory & social learning theory. This recognises that the trait theory and social learning theory both have a role in determining behaviour and personality. More realistic explanation of personality?! Different behaviours produced for different situations. Suggests that we base behaviour on inherent traits that we then adapt to the situation we are in.

21. EQUATION = B = f (PxE), where behaviour is a function of personality & environment. Example: A games player might be loud, extrovert & dominant manner in the game because that is the best way to succeed, but would be more quiet & focused when in a training session designed to improve individual technique. Peter Schmeichel T. ORFORD

22. Hollander’s Structure of Personality 1 23 Social Environment 1 – PSYCHOLGICAL CORE– THE REAL YOU. 2 – TYPICAL RESPONSE– THE WAY YOU RESPOND TO ENVIRONMENTAL DEMANDS. 3 - ROLE-RELATED BEHAVIOUR– VERY CHANGEABLE DEPENDING ON THE ROLE. T. ORFORD

23. Role related behaviour Good captain!? Typical responses e.g. win at all costs – Instrumental aggression Psychological core – Attitudes, values, beliefs, motives. e.g. achievement motivation DynamicExternal InternalConsistent Marten’s Structure of Personality T. ORFORD

24. PROFILE OF MOOD STATES (POMS) MOODS are an important aspect of personality which may influence sports performance are an important aspect of personality which may influence sports performance tension tension depression depression anger anger vigour vigour fatigue fatigue confusion confusion unsuccessful sportspeople show high unsuccessful sportspeople show high tension depression fatigue confusion low low vigour Personality elite sportspeople show low elite sportspeople show low tension tension depression depression confusion confusion high high vigour vigour

25. T. ORFORD 1.Interviews - are they reliable and valid in each case? - are they of value in assessing a persons sporting ability? 2.Questionnaires - e.g. psychometric self questionnaires, personality tests, multiphasic personality inventory and Catells 16 primary factors questionnaire. - are these appropriate for the results the researcher wants to gain? 3. Observations - difficult to remain unobtrusive which will affect behaviour. - secret observation is unethical

26. T. ORFORD NOT A TRUE PREDICTOR OF BEHAVIOUR, NO SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE EXISTS BETWEEN SPORTS PERFORMANCE & PEOPLE WITH DIFFERING TRAIT STRENGTHS. DOES NOT TAKE INTO ACCOUNT THE INFLUENCE OF THE ENVIRONMENT – TOO GENERAL. TAKES LITTLE ACCOUNT OF EXTERNAL FACTORS THAT MAY EFFECT BEHAVIOUR.

27. T. ORFORD 1. Definitions and Characteristics of Ability - TRAITS 2. Memory – LEARN FROM EXPERIENCE – SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY 3. Feedback – LEARNING FROM OTHERS – SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY 4. Motivation – TRAITS, INTERACTIONIST AND SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY 5. Reinforcement - LEARN FROM EXPERIENCE – SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY

28. What are the three theories we have been looking at? TRAIT THEORY Slide 5 Slide 5 SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY Slide 7 Slide 7 INTERACTIONIST THEORY Slide 8 Slide 8 123 Additional Reading - Davis pages 310 – 316. - Honeybourne pages 259 – 262. - Wesson pages 546 – 555. Create a poster that illustrates either one OR all of the three theories, use pictures and diagrams as well as key words / information to illustrate the theory. You can either use A3 paper or produce using ICT and get your images from the internet. Note this work will be displayed therefore it must be accurate & well presented. All work must be handed in next Friday. HOMEWORK T. ORFORD

29. Personality HollanderMartensInteractionistTraitsCatellBanduraLewin Social Learining Narrow BandEysenck