1. Cognitive Learning Module 29

2. Cognitive Influences on Learning  1950s  Incorporate the study of the role of cognition on learning  Learning is impacted by cognitive factors  Attention  Memory  Creativity  Imagery

3. Contingency Model of Learning  Robert Rescorla  Classical conditioning  One stimulus needs to reliably predict the arrival of the second stimulus for learning to result  Operant conditioning  A voluntary behavior needs to reliably predict the consequence in order for the organism to learn

4. Latent Learning  Edward Tolman  First to investigate cognitive processes on operant conditioning  Experiments on rats to master a maze under three different conditions  Latent Learning  learning in the absence of rewards but not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it

5. Latent Learning  Cognitive map  A mental representation of the layout of one’s environment  Insight  “Aha!” moment  Sudden perception of relationships between multiple parts of a problem  Pigeon and the Banana Pigeon and the Banana

6. Learned Helplessness  Martin Seligman  Loss of motivation and failure to attempt to escape from unpleasant stimuli that happens if individuals perceive that they are not able to exert control over their environment  Dog experiment

7. John Garcia  First to investigate how biology can influence learning  Biological constraints  Limitations set by biology regarding what an animal is capable of learning  Rats stronger smell, weaker sight  Taste stimuli work well when associated with nausea

8. Need to Know…  Biological preparedness  Influences the types of associations best learned by a particular animal  Biological constraints  Limitations imposed by biology on a species in terms of what they are capable of learning.  Humans are the only organisms that are capable of language, but humans are not capable of breathing under water and cannot learn that skill.

9. Taste Aversions  John Garcia  Involves learning to avoid a particular food item or liquid after it becomes associated with nausea  Rats experiment – radiation – water  Garcia effect  Unusual because they typically require only one pairing for learning

10. Observational Learning  Involves how one develops new skills, knowledge, and behaviors by watching others perform and imitating these behaviors  Children see, Children do Children see, Children do

11. Social Learning  Albert Bandura  Observational learning was the result of modeling

12. Bobo Doll Experiment  Albert Bandura  1961-1963  Effects of TV violence  Experiment of children watching adults being aggressive  Video Video