1. Chapter 16 Discussion and Review

2. Black Death The bubonic plague, or "Black Death” strikes The bubonic plague, or "Black Death” strikes 3 forms: 3 forms: Bubonic (flea bite), Pneumonic (air), Septemic (bodily fluid) Bubonic (flea bite), Pneumonic (air), Septemic (bodily fluid)

3. Despite its numerous problems, the period from 1200 to 1500 in Europe was a time of unusual progress. Major problems Major problems the Black Death the Black Death Killed 1/3 of Western Europeans 25 million Killed 1/3 of Western Europeans 25 million Led to peasant revolutions, end to serfdom, demand for higher wages Led to peasant revolutions, end to serfdom, demand for higher wages Improvements Improvements wars led to technological innovation and eventual unity, with strong centralized governments wars led to technological innovation and eventual unity, with strong centralized governments Crossbow with metal tipped arrows and gunpowder Crossbow with metal tipped arrows and gunpowder Renaissance was a period of cultural rebirth Renaissance was a period of cultural rebirth Leonardo Da’Vinci (Mona Lisa, Last Supper) Leonardo Da’Vinci (Mona Lisa, Last Supper) Michelangelo (Sistine Chapel, David) Michelangelo (Sistine Chapel, David) By 1500 Europeans were extending their reach around the world. By 1500 Europeans were extending their reach around the world.

4. Rise of cities Trading cities in Europe Trading cities in Europe Offered social freedoms Offered social freedoms Often independent states Often independent states Often charter cities where residents could claim freedom Often charter cities where residents could claim freedom The resurgence of manufacturing combined with the growth of political unity in Europe to open new markets and trade routes. The resurgence of manufacturing combined with the growth of political unity in Europe to open new markets and trade routes. This led to a growing middle or merchant class This led to a growing middle or merchant class

5. Describe the changes in civic life associated with urban growth in later medieval Europe. Cities experienced increasing cultural and religious diversity. Cities experienced increasing cultural and religious diversity. Merchant Banking Merchant Banking Organized private shareholding companies, developed checking accounts, improved bookkeeping techniques Organized private shareholding companies, developed checking accounts, improved bookkeeping techniques Jews Jews were connected to the growing fields of business and money- lending. were connected to the growing fields of business and money- lending. Often blamed and persecuted for social ills Often blamed and persecuted for social ills Guilds Guilds regulated business practices and the labor of the working classes regulated business practices and the labor of the working classes reinforced the divisions of male and female work. reinforced the divisions of male and female work. Agricultural and commercial surpluses spurred technological, artistic, and architectural growth. Agricultural and commercial surpluses spurred technological, artistic, and architectural growth.

6. What were the origins and significance of commercial printing in Renaissance Europe? Printing originated Printing originated China, but western Europeans improved it significantly and used printing for many purposes. China, but western Europeans improved it significantly and used printing for many purposes. Johann Gutenberg Johann Gutenberg Perfected the art of printing in 1454 Perfected the art of printing in 1454 New ink suitable for printing on paper, movable type consisting of individual letters, mechanical printing press (pressed ink type onto sheets of paper) New ink suitable for printing on paper, movable type consisting of individual letters, mechanical printing press (pressed ink type onto sheets of paper) Led to spread of literacy and European intellectual development. Led to spread of literacy and European intellectual development.

7. Magna Carta 1215 Taxation only with representation Taxation only with representation no unusual taxes except by agreement of people’s representatives no unusual taxes except by agreement of people’s representatives Right to trial Right to trial trial to be proven guilty by peers trial to be proven guilty by peers Limits to royal power Limits to royal power monarch must govern by law not by whim monarch must govern by law not by whim English subjects had certain liberties English subjects had certain liberties king could not violate those liberties king could not violate those liberties Would eventually evolve into the modern day Parliament Would eventually evolve into the modern day Parliament

8. Emergence of Monarchs Affects of the Hundred Years War (1337-1453) Affects of the Hundred Years War (1337-1453) Monarchs had a stronger central government, more stable national boundaries, and stronger representative institutions Monarchs had a stronger central government, more stable national boundaries, and stronger representative institutions New military technology New military technology made castles and knights obsolete made castles and knights obsolete Development of professional standing army Development of professional standing army Taxed land, merchants, and church Taxed land, merchants, and church Parliamentary Institution Parliamentary Institution Became a permanent check on royal power Became a permanent check on royal power Parliament in England Parliament in England Estates General in France Estates General in France

9. The Great Western Schism was a manifestation of changing relations between the Latin Church and the monarchies of western Europe. Explain what brought about the schism and how it represented nationalistic urges. King Philip of France asserted his superiority over the church in his domains and subsequently engineered the election of a French pope. King Philip of France asserted his superiority over the church in his domains and subsequently engineered the election of a French pope. The succession of French popes residing at Avignon, while concurrently rivals claimed the papacy in Rome, created the schism. The succession of French popes residing at Avignon, while concurrently rivals claimed the papacy in Rome, created the schism. The crisis broke the pope’s ability to resist the power of the new monarchies and led to new arrangements. The crisis broke the pope’s ability to resist the power of the new monarchies and led to new arrangements. Within their realms French and English monarchs controlled all high ecclesiastical appointments, along with their wealth. Within their realms French and English monarchs controlled all high ecclesiastical appointments, along with their wealth.